News From Planet Depos

Starting in 2025, U.S. passport holders will need a travel authorization via the ETIAS before boarding a plane bound for 30 European countries.

What is ETIAS?

ETIAS stands for the European Travel Information and Authorization System. Based on its American equivalent ETAS, the system will check the security credentials and charge a fee to travelers visiting EU member countries for business, tourism, medical, or transit purposes.

The ETIAS aims to strengthen security measures across Europe, requiring people from visa-exempt countries to apply before traveling. The ETIAS is not a visa but an additional layer of security. The European Union (EU) developed ETIAS to help monitor travelers who might pose a security or migration risk. It will be in effect from mid-2025, offering streamlined travel procedures for low-risk individuals.

For more information, visit https://etias.com/etias-frequently-asked-questions.

Why was ETIAS created?

Effective border security requires collaboration between different European countries. The ETIAS promotes a cohesive border security policy between participating European nations by creating a single travel authorization system.

The ETIAS utilizes a unified authorization system for international travelers entering the Schengen Zone, ensuring stronger European border control. Although the system adds an extra step to the travel process and will impact how millions of travelers enter Europe, it aims to make the Schengen Area safer.

By pre-screening travelers, the ETIAS reduces the chances of illegal immigration, terrorism, and other cross-border crimes. This will ensure that European borders remain open and accessible while providing security for both residents and visitors.

Is the ETIAS a visa?

No. The ETIAS is not a visa and is more accurately referred to as a visa-waiver. It is a travel authorization for short-term stays of up to 90 days. It differs from traditional visas in that it does not require an interview or physical paperwork.

Travelers can apply for ETIAS online, and no additional documents, like letters of invitation or hotel bookings, are needed for the application process.

Unlike a Schengen visa, which is necessary for longer stays or work purposes, an ETIAS focuses solely on short visits. This makes ETIAS simpler and more affordable than a visa, but travelers should still check local visa requirements for specific needs.

When does it take effect?

The ETIAS is scheduled to launch in 2025. Travelers should expect the system to be fully operational by June or July of that year. Originally scheduled to launch in 2021, several setbacks including unforeseen technical challenges, data privacy concerns, the delayed EU Entry/Exit System, and the 2024 Paris Olympics combined to ultimately push the launch into 2025.

It is advisable for people planning future travel to Europe to stay updated on the rollout, as authorities will begin enforcing this requirement soon after the launch. Visit https://etias.com/what-is-etias for more information and to sign up for updates.

What European countries will require the ETIAS?

Several European nations signed the first Schengen Agreement in 1989. It established a freedom of movement zone between the participating nations by removing travel restrictions. With ETIAS, you can visit many countries across Europe in different categories based on whether they’re in the Schengen Area, the EU, or otherwise associated with the Schengen Agreement.

The below 30 countries will all require ETIAS for entry:

The below six territories, connected to ETIAS member countries, follow Schengen rules for travel and will require ETIAS for entry:

How do I apply?

Applying for an ETIAS is a straightforward online process. Simply fill out an electronic form, providing personal details, passport information, and travel plans. The system will cross-check this data against multiple security databases like Interpol and Europol.

After completing the online form, the application is processed electronically. In most cases, travelers receive approval within minutes.

When should I apply?

To be safe, apply at least one week ahead of your trip to avoid potential delays. Luckily, an ETIAS authorization is valid for three years or until the passport used for the application expires, whichever comes first. You may travel throughout ETIAS-requiring countries as often as you’d like during this period, without needing to reapply, provided your passport remains valid.

ETIAS application process

1. Fill out the application form on the official ETIAS website.
2. Pay the €7 application fee.
3. The system will process the application electronically and will cross-check data from security databases.
4. Travelers receive approval within minutes.
5. Some travelers may be required to send additional documentation.
6. Travelers can appeal their application if it is rejected.

Important ETIAS requirements for American citizens:

• Valid E-Passport: Travelers must possess a machine-readable e-passport.
• Purpose of Visit: ETIAS authorization is granted for short-term visits, including tourism, business, transit, and medical purposes.
• Duration of Stay: The visit should not exceed 90 days within a 180-day period.
• Age Considerations: Applicants under 18 or over 70 years of age are eligible for a fee waiver.
• Application Deadline: It is recommended to apply for ETIAS at least 96 hours before your departure.
• Citizenship Requirement: Full American citizenship is required for ETIAS.
• ETIAS Validity: Once issued, ETIAS is valid for three years or until the passport expires, whichever comes first.

What if I don’t obtain ETIAS and try to travel to Europe?

ETIAS approval is linked to your passport. Without it, airport security will not let you board the plane and you will not be going to Europe!

For additional information on conducting depositions in Europe and around the world, be on the lookout for the 2025 Planet Depos International Deposition Guide (IDG), available for request in mid-February.

There are countries that do not allow taking depositions for a number of reasons. This can obviously lead to numerous discovery problems that can make or break a case. So, what do you do if you need to depose a witness who resides in a country where depositions are not permitted?

Here is more information about a few countries that prohibit depositions and tips on nevertheless taking depositions that remain important to a case.

Why don’t some countries allow depositions by foreigners?

There are over 20 countries that have restrictions or prohibitions on depositions and legal discovery. There are good reasons, but the resulting discovery problems are nonetheless real. Brazil does not permit the taking of depositions by foreign persons. It is considered a violation of Brazil’s judicial sovereignty. Participating in such a deposition in Brazil can result in the arrest, detention, or deportation of the participants. Russia and Austria do not permit depositions at all. China does not allow depositions by foreign persons, but Hong Kong does. Make sure you check with whatever country you will be taking a deposition in prior to potentially violating the law.

What to do about legal discovery problems if depositions are not allowed in a country

Move the deposition. Pay for the witness travel. Get an international court reporting agency that knows the local customs, laws, and procedures. If the witness is willing to travel, take the deposition in a nearby country that permits depositions without prior permission from any Hague Central Authority regardless of the nationality of the witness.

Take steps to reduce discovery problems by preparing for local obstacles or challenges. Ask your court reporting agency about meeting the legal team and witnesses at stations or hotels to ensure travel. Avoid time zone problems by having an agency with people close-by who can communicate in a timely and colloquial manner.

Frequently used alternatives to native countries where depositions are prohibited or restricted:

• Finland can serve as an alternative to Russia
• Hong Kong is frequently used to depose witnesses who reside in China
• Czech Republic and Austria are both members of the Schengen Area, making Czech Republic an ideal substitute for Austrian witnesses as there will be neither witness passport nor immigration controls

Prepare legal team and court reporter travel

There is also your own travel to consider. When traveling internationally, you should:

• Your passport should be valid for at least 6 months after your return date.
• Have at least two blank pages for any entry stamps.
• Check on visa requirements as early as possible, in case procuring any necessary visa is a complicated or time-consuming project.  The State Department lists entry requirements on its website.
• Check the State Department site for relevant travel alerts.
• Keep the information organized to make completing any necessary steps easier.

Local knowledge: The benefits of a court reporting agency

Hotel and accommodation recommendations and help. If you have not been to the deposition destination before, consider asking your court reporting firm for hotel recommendations. With reporters and videographers living and traveling abroad, they can provide knowledgeable recommendations based on your hotel preferences. Once you have arrived at your destination, the reporter and videographer can even tell you where to eat and shop. They can also tell you what places to avoid! Take advantage of their experience; your eyes and your stomach will thank you.

Technical aid. In addition to giving expert travel advice, the reporting agency, court reporter, and staff will technically enhance the deposition with:

• Realtime reporting
• Offsite streaming
• Same-day rough drafts
• Preparation and destruction of exhibits
• Language barriers
• Local procedural nuances
• Room reservations and tech setup
• Aid with technical difficulties

Realtime reporting allows you to immediately access testimony, on your own laptop or a loaner from the reporter. Realtime can also be streamed to offsite participants. You will also receive an instant rough draft at the conclusion of the day’s deposition. The reporter can handle the printing of your exhibits as well as their confidential destruction after the depositions are concluded.

The videographer also adds value to your depositions abroad. There are few things worse than experiencing technical difficulties. But, a skilled videographer will smooth out any technical difficulties. The videographer can step in to assist with conference room reservations, making sure no detail is missed. If anyone is participating via mobile video conference, the videographer can monitor the connection to ensure no interruptions.

While discovery problems are inevitable dealing with international cases, international depositions are easier with support and insight.

For more information on scheduling international depositions, contact Planet Depos International Scheduling at 888.433.3767 or international@planetdepos.com.

Traveling as part of a legal team or as a court reporter abroad can be a fun part of the job for the prepared explorer. You never know where a case will take you. There are assignments that will take you to the largest cities–and others that take you to the smallest towns. Here are a few tips for arranging depositions in Asia and travelling safely abroad.

International court reporting agencies send talent wherever there is need. Like depositions in the United States, Asia-based legal teams may have to travel to small towns. But, what is a “small” town in Asia? One Planet Depos court reporter, Trevor, found that one small town in Taiwan called Douliu City was more foreign than actually “small” by American standards.

You Sent a Court Reporter Where?!

According to Wikipedia, some people consider Douliu the political and economic (physical) center of the Taiwan and the main city in Yunlin County. With a population of 100,000, Douliu is not a small town by American standards. In Asia it is downright tiny. When our court reporter, Trevor, arrived he was excited to see what a small city in Taiwan looked like. And he was not disappointed.

Travel Tips for Court Reporters

1. Check in with the concierge

The concierge at your hotel is a great way to orientate yourself in a new city, perhaps especially in small towns. Taiwan is famous for night markets where locals and tourists roam the city streets for food, drinks, and shopping nightly. But travelling abroad can be overwhelming. In Trevor’s case, the concierge gave all the needed advice about the unique night market of Douliu. Check in with the concierge as soon as you are settled into your room.

Since Douliu is a relatively small town for Asia, its night market is relatively unknown outside of Taiwan. Unlike other night markets, it only runs once a week. It really is a locals-only market. Yet it ranks as one of the best in the country. Trevor’s assignment taking depositions in Asia had lead him to an amazing opportunity.

2. Get local perspective

Asking a reputable local is smart, if a concierge is unavailable. Your assignment may have a local colleague available to guide you. Check how safe the area is and ask for tips whenever going into a new environment, especially off the beaten path. The hotel’s concierge is particularly careful about advice. However, other reputable figures may be tourist boards, embassies, and hosts.

For our court reporter, the tips from the concierge made dinner during business travel more than a meal:

“As I wandered the market, I took in the smells and the sights, but what I found most interesting was the energy. I was welcomed by everyone, and people were excited to share their wares and products with me. I was quickly full eating homemade gyoza dumplings, various meat on a stick, and fresh-squeezed vinegar lemonade. I love trying new things. Douliu was a really neat experience and just one more place that Planet Depos covers in the great, big continent of Asia.”

3. Keep the address on you

Know how to get back. Take a card from the hotel with you that has the hotel name and address. If there is a bilingual concierge or hotel agent, they can write a note on the card in the native language. Show this to any drivers you use.

4. Choose a recognizable or international brand when possible

Choose international brands or recognizable locations when booking hotels or deposition rooms. When scheduling depositions in smaller towns overseas, it is easy to make a blunder. Major international cities like Hong Kong and London offer a range of recognizable hotel names, making choosing a location for your deposition and stay fairly simple. Whenever possible, go with a known quantity or something highly rated by international travel sites. Relying on recognizable hotel brands can provide consistency and help you coordinate with fellow travelers. Even if they don’t speak the language, cab drivers and other locals can probably recognize the name of well-known spots.

5. Anticipate language needs

Do they speak English? Smaller towns don’t always have larger hotel chain or English-speaking staff. Check ahead to see if there is a liaison at the hotel or meeting venue. This is where an on-the-ground team really proves their value.

Agency service includes providing high-quality real-time translation to attorneys, either on their own laptops or loaners courtesy of the reporter. A videographer can also be provided. They are skilled technicians who can step in to resolve any technical difficulties, in addition to recording the proceedings in high definition.

6. Get help with logistics from a locally knowledgeable agency

Ask your international court reporting agency for help with hotel, deposition, and travel arrangements. Better than referring you to the best location, they can reserve it on your behalf and take care of all related details, from security to catering. They not only know which locations can handle the technical aspects of the deposition, they will take care of test calls, printing and shredding needs for your exhibits, and can offer advice as to how to reach the smaller towns from the big ones.

Travel assistance may also be available to the traveling court reporter and visiting legal teams. International court reporting agencies can arrange escort to and from airports and train stations. They can ensure you have the correct ticket and are on the right track.

To learn more about conducting depositions in Asia and around the world, request access to the Planet Depos International Deposition Guide. 

Workplace stress is a daily hazard for the busy paralegal, attorney, court reporter, and anyone working towards critical legal deadlines and deliverables. Add international depositions on the horizon can add headaches to the downtime of getting there. Long hours and heavy workloads—especially in crunch time—can send any legal professional’s stress levels skyrocketing. That stress can consume your personal and professional life.

Finding healthy ways to minimize stress is extremely important. When not properly addressed, stress can negatively impact a person’s general well-being. Physically, stress can raise blood pressure, stop healthy eating habits, and impinge on time for physical activity. Psychologically, all work and no play can drive away other people and damage self-image. Being overwhelmed with all you have to do can stop you from remembering all you have accomplished. A healthy work-life balance will help you handle both better. Here are a few tips to help:

1.TIME OUT! Take a Moment for Yourself

Set aside some time each day to gather your thoughts, take stock, decompress, or whatever you want to call it. But make a point of doing it — no matter what!

SCHEDULE YOU TIME. Literally put it on the calendar as “unavailable” or “busy.” Choose a day or two a week with specific time to see a friend or do something that makes you feel work-free. To be successful:

• Pick a time that will likely work with your daily schedule.
• Schedule things you’ll look forward to, like a date with a friend or buy tickets ahead to a movie you really want to see.
• Set phone reminders a day ahead.
• Do NOT break plans with yourself or anyone.
• Put this time on your shared or work calendar if you have one. You don’t have to share details. Just put “appointment” if that works.

For example, prepare mentally in the early morning by walking your dog. Having that block of time set aside every day can help relax and set a positive focus for the day. The brisk pace of a pooch helps get the endorphins going first thing and takes care of the next stress-busting boost, too!

ON THE JOB: Take a moment in the moment. Rather than waiting until your heart rate is up, your patience is low, and you feel like crying in the bathroom while eating a box of chocolate cream bombs — go for a walk. Or, take a moment to breathe. Get a tea for a no- or low- calorie break.

When you are busy, you can feel overwhelmed and think that taking a minute is counterproductive. You just have too much to do. But, taking a few minutes can increase focus and performance — as well as boosting morale and team-building for those around you.

COMBINE WORKPLACE STRESS BUSTERS! Finding a friend to walk, go to the gym, or cook with can really help pack in the stress-busting habits that will keep you happier and more productive. Can’t think of anyone? Consider joining a local club, class, or activity group.

2. HEALTH: Get Proper Exercise and Nutrition

Lots of people hate this one and are sick of hearing it. But there’s a reason people are resistant to hearing this: because it’s true. Being stressed can make the quick fix, feel-good of the candy dish pile on pounds and cause your blood sugar to tank. In reality, that nutritional deficit is a big no-no that leaves your defenses weaker.

EXERCISE. The psychological benefits of exercise are just as great as the physical benefits. You don’t have to train for a Spartan race! Just find a form of exercise that appeals to you, come up with a schedule and stick with it, and enjoy the difference.

GET OUT! Just being outside can quickly release stress. Try to get out for afternoon walks or take breaks for stretching or going around the block. Seeing a blue sky and some greenery is good for you.

BE YOUR OWN NUTRITIONIST. What you eat also greatly affects your energy levels and moods. Again, you don’t have to go crazy, but replacing unhealthy items in your grocery cart with fresh fruits and vegetables will have a tremendous impact. Look for quick, nutritious recipes to try. You may find cooking relaxes you!

3. MINDFULNESS: Focusing on the Task at Hand and Being Prepared Relieve Workplace Stress

Mindfulness is all the rage — and for a reason. Taking stock of the moment or taking a moment to take stock and appreciate all you have is incredible for busting stress. If you can, a few minutes of simply walking or sitting somewhere with a little view and focusing on your breath can break dull moments, anger, stress, or anxiety.

CHECK THAT WORKPLACE STRESS! We all have those days we know in advance will be overwhelming because there is so much to do. Checklists can make a hectic day more manageable. Come up with the list in advance, and literally check off tasks as they are completed. It will keep you focused on each task in its place, motivated as you proceed down the list, and give you that earned sense of accomplishment.

DON’T BEAT YOURSELF UP over incomplete tasks, delays, or minor mistakes. Instead, use it to go forward stronger:

• Look at the moment or series of events leading up to the setback.
• Assess what you could have done better. (Including asking for help.)
• Transform the disadvantage into an advantage by learning from it.
• Move on.

Beating yourself up distracts you from seeing the positive and getting more done. Every mistake is an opportunity to reassess, ask for help, and grow.

4. GET HELP! Realistic Workloads and Asking for Help Keeps Teams Strong

When it comes to the busy caseloads, working with the right court reporting professionals does exactly that: removes stress triggers.

GET HELP AND STRENGTHEN TEAM BONDS. Here are a few ways to increase team spirit and reduce workplace stress on the job:

• Let your boss or project leads know where you are at and how you honestly are doing managing your workload.
• Have regular meetings — scheduled or worked into daily coffee routines — that allow you to all stay in the know about workloads.
• Ask for help from colleagues.
• Offer help to colleagues when you have time. Team spirit will soar and your goodwill will come back around.
• When working overtime, keep a log and ask for that time to be compensated in some way. An extra work-from-home day or day off can really help decompress after busy deadlines.
• Celebrate the victories. Team dinners and celebrations help build bonds and reward high-stress crunch times.

GET OUTSIDE HELP FROM SKILLED PROFESSIONALS. Crunch times need more staff than the day-to-day. Outside help during high-volume times or out-of-town business helps keep loyal employees fresh, focused, and safe from burn-out.

With a trusted, reputable agency covering your proceedings you don’t need to worry about the reporter being late or unprofessional:

• You know your transcripts will be in your online repository on the due date.
• You know the video will be top quality high definition, synced to the transcript if that’s what you requested.
• You know the customer service throughout will be second to none.

That knowledge relieves the worry of the unexpected, so you can confidently focus on other pressing matters with significantly less weight on your shoulders!

To schedule your next deposition, contact Planet Depos at scheduling@planetdepos.com or international@planetdepos.com for seamless coverage of your proceedings, wherever they may be taking place.

Eating can be a very foreign and disorienting experience for foreigners in Asia. However, it is an incredibly important social and business setting. Know how to politely navigate meals and drinks in China. Having proper dining etiquette is part of having good business etiquette.

When doing business in China, creating a personal relationship is important. Meals are an important part of that, but do not discuss business at meals.

It’s also important to note a few basic rules for dining etiquette in China:

• Learn to use chopsticks before going (etiquette below).
• Taste everything you are not allergic to or violates medical or religious reasons.
• The bowl tells all. Never leave a full bowl, but also do not empty your bowl entirely—the former shows that you don’t approve of the food, while the latter implies the host did not give you enough.
• Defer to the host. Sit, eat, and drink after the host and respected elders or honored people. The host will also pick up the bill for the meal.

Follow these travel tips for business or recreational trips to China.

Dining Etiquette in China

From start to finish, manners are an important part of nonverbal communication for the Chinese. Not following proper dining etiquette can ruin business opportunities.

At the beginning of the meal, sit only where and when the host directs you to. At a round table, the guest of honor is seated to the right of the host. The next in line to the left of the host.

The Start of the Meal

Hosting is an ongoing role throughout dinner, beginning with seating and inviting guests to enjoy the meal. The host will likely make a starting toast or speech.

Before eating, you will receive a hot towel. These are often in lieu of napkins and are for your face and hands. Another towel will come after the meal is over.

Do not start eating or drinking before the host and elders. They will also set the pace for eating.

Family Style Meals in China

Most meals in China are taken family style, which is a number of shared plates put centrally on a table. The tables are usually round. The host will do the ordering or a banquet-style meal will be provided by the restaurant. Meals will come in courses, so sample each plate rather than filling up early.

Often, there will be a rotating portion of the table, which is called a lazy Susan.

Minding the Lazy Susan

• If there is a lazy Susan, be careful to not hoard the good food by you or continue taking from those plates before they have circulated.
• Do not bump the lazy Susan while someone is serving themselves.
• Never take the last piece of food unless offered by the host. It is considered a show of greed.

Leave Food on Your Plate

• Leave a small portion of food on your plate at the end of each course.
• Each dish should have a portion left to assure the host that there was enough food and it was all pleasing.
• Fried rice or noodles is served as a final course. It is symbolically presented to show that the meal is ending. Do not eat this. This portion of food is simply to signal satisfaction.

Toothpicks are common between courses or at the end of a meal. Using a toothpick at the table is polite. However, use it with one hand and cover your mouth with the other. It’s never okay to put your hands in your mouth. Whenever you do something involving your mouth, cover it with your hand.

Travel Tips for Asia: What Not to do With Chopsticks

Chopsticks aren’t sticks. They are a real utensil. Treat them like you would a knife at a Western dinner table and you will likely do pretty well.

All food items, with the exception of soup, are eaten with chopsticks. There are a number of rules of etiquette for chopsticks. Look for a chopstick stand for a safe place to courteously rest your chopsticks when they are not in use.

Do not do any of the following with chopsticks:

• Fidget or twiddle
• Point or wave with chopsticks
• Stick chopsticks straight out of rice bowls
• Stir or stab food
• Lick chopsticks
• Pick through a shared plate for the pieces you want. Take from the plate in front of you and wait for the plates to come to you.
• Lay your chopsticks across each other in an x-pattern or leave them pointing directly at someone.
• In someone’s home, if serving utensils are not present, move items into your bowl with the non-eating ends of your chopsticks.

How to Handle Common Chinese Foods and Beverages

Food and beverages are highly ritualized in China. It is also a very different palate than Westerners are used to. Delicacies in China that are prepared special for honored guests may be off-putting. For example, blood, insects like scorpion, snake, and even dog meat may be offered as premium delicacies. Do not show disgust.

Manners suggest that you should at least try everything in China. 

Know how to politely handle dishes that may be different or difficult for foreigners.

Tea Service

Guests are not supposed to pour tea for themselves. Traditionally, whoever has the tea next to them is to pour tea for the table, beginning with the host.

If someone pours you tea, you can tap two fingers on the table to show appreciation or say thank you.

Fish and Bones

• Fish will be served head-on with the mouth facing the guest of honor.
• Do not turn the fish over. Allow the host or server to debone before partaking.
• Spitting bones onto the plate is more acceptable than removing them from your mouth with your hands or chopsticks.

Heads-On

Many dishes will have identifiable body parts or the heads left on, such as whole duck. You are not required to eat the head.

Rice

• Hold the bowl to your mouth and scoop rice into your mouth.

Understanding Tea at Business Meetings

Tea will be served. Wait for the most-senior person to start sipping. That person sipping shows the meeting is going well or continuing. When this person stops drinking tea, it may be a signal that the meeting is ended.

Drinking Etiquette and Business in China

You will be expected to go to drinks with business counterparts. You should say yes, but expect that you may be tested. Try not to schedule much for the next day. The Chinese are not inclined towards softer alcohols like wine or beer.

Women are the exception to the drinking culture. Traditionally, women do not drink in public—even at meals.

If you do not want to drink, give a medical reason.

Drinking Etiquette at Dinner

Alcoholic beverages are not usually had before a meal. When it is, beer is usually poured from shared bottles and drinking is done family style.

• Only have alcohol if others are partaking.
• Wait for a toast to be given and the host to drink before drinking yourself.
• Never pour your own drink.
• Unlike the Japanese and Koreans, tipsiness is unacceptable in China. If you have had enough, smile and abstain from drinking.

Paying the Bill for Meals or Drinks

• It’s a matter of honor to pay the bill. Bills are not split in China.
• It is a good show and helps protect and bolster the honor of the people involved to argue to pay the bill or reach for the bill. The host will likely refuse, but this is a customary show of not aiming for a free meal.

Tipping Etiquette

Tipping is considered rude, insinuating the person who is being tipped hasn’t enough money.

Dining in Someone’s Home

It is rare to be invited to someone’s home. Entertaining is usually done in public. If you are invited to someone’s home, it is a great honor. If you cannot make it, give a detailed and good reason.

When invited to someone’s home, be sure to:

• Arrive punctually, much as you would for a business meeting.
• Bring a small gift for the hostess.
• Take your shoes off when arriving. (Be prepared.)
• Follow good table manners and eat well to show appreciation.

Dining rituals are fundamental in Japan. While there for business, you may have occasion to eat or take tea with someone. Sushi is very popular in the United States, but as much as you may like it you are likely eating it wrong. That’s not a big deal in the States, but it may reflect poorly on you in Japan. How to eat sushi the right way may surprise you. Did you know you aren’t supposed to use chopsticks to eat sushi, but you do with soup?

Follow these tips on Japanese dining etiquette to make the best impression:

At the Start of the Meal

O-shibori occurs at the start of the meal. Before touching anything, a warm towel is provided to wipe your hands. Unlike in China, this is not okay to use on your face. In homes or places without the warm towel, you are expected to wash your hands just prior.

Customary phrases are part of Japanese dining etiquette. Wait until the guest of honor, host, or server makes a gesture to begin, usually one expressing gratitude. At the beginning, you say “itadaki-masu”. This means “I humbly receive” and is part of showing appreciation. At the end of the meal, you say “gochisou-sama” or “gochisosama deshita” to say thank you.

How to Use Chopsticks the Right Way

Using chopsticks has unique etiquette, called o-hashi. You can easily seem coarse or insult fellow diners without knowing. Be sure not to point, wave, or gesture with chopsticks. Do not lick chopsticks. When you are using chopsticks, be careful not to rub them together. That intimates that the chopsticks are cheap.

Meals usually involve conversation, but it’s rude to talk while holding your chopsticks. Put down your chopsticks while talking.

O-hashi, or Chopstick Etiquette

• For paper-wrapped chopsticks, provided there is no chopstick rest: remove the wrapper and lay chopsticks to the right of your bowl or plate. The connected portion should be at the top of your plate. Fold your wrapper horizontally and knot it. This knot can be placed at the two-o’clock position. Use this to rest the food-touching part of your chopsticks when not in use.
• Only once you have created a rest should you break wooden chopsticks apart over your lap, not the plate. You should only rub wooden chopsticks together.
• If there is a serving set of chopsticks, use those and not your own to serve.
• If there is no serving set of chopsticks, use the back end of your chopsticks to serve.
• Use chopsticks for all food—even difficult food—except sushi.
• Do not pass food with chopsticks, which happens at funeral rituals.
• Do not pull bowls or plates with your chopsticks.
• Avoid sticking your chopsticks straight up from your rice. This is an Asian wide way of offering rice to the dead.
• Never point or gesture with chopsticks.
• Never cross chopsticks in an x-pattern or separate them on opposing sides of the plate. If no rest is available, lay them next to each other north-to-south on the right side of the plate.

Sitting on a Traditional Tatami Mat or Zabuton Pillow

Eating out in Japan, you may come across mats or pillows placed on a raised floor instead of chairs. Be prepared to remove your shoes and sit correctly. That means clean socks with no holes or well-cared for feet.

• You will be expected to remove your shoes.
• After removing your shoes, step immediately up to the mat to avoid getting dirt on the clean dining area.
• Once you have stepped into the mat area, or tatami room, bow to the guests without talking or hand shaking.
• Take your seat as directed.
• Sit on your heels.
• If the host allows you to make yourself “comfortable” you may move into a cross-legged position if you are a man. If you are a woman, you have been invited to sit with your legs tucked to one side. Do not spread legs in front of your body.

Wait to be seated. There is a seat of honor in Japanese culture called the kamiza. This is usually farthest from the entrance.

Tea and Drinks

When you are greeted, even in business, tea will often be served. Do not drink the tea right away. Wait for the host to begin drinking tea first. Take sips from the tea. Avoid finishing it too quickly.

You may be presented special small cakes at a tea service. Hold the plate to your chest with one hand. Do not get crumbs anywhere but the plate.

There are very specific rituals for tea ceremonies. If you are invited to one, research the proper etiquette. You will be expected to drink and bow in specific order.

If out for drinks or if drinks are served with dinner, be mindful of your company. Wait for everyone to have a full glass and raise a toast before drinking. The toast will be “Kanpai.”

Sake is served cold or hot. Unfiltered sake is creamier in appearance and a little sweeter. If the sake is served in a box on a plate, it will likely be overpoured so there is spill. This is to show abundance. Leave the sake on the plate. Do not drink it.

Never pour your own beverage. When pouring a drink, the bottle should always be poured forward. Pouring backward is considered an insult. Watch others to get the technique down.

Yes, karaoke bars are popular even with the most serious of people. If you are invited, you will be expected to sing. Don’t worry if you have a bad voice.

Holding a Bowl

It’s okay to slurp, especially when eating udon or soup. However, it is not okay to spill everywhere. If eating from small bowls, it’s okay to bring the bowl to your mouth or chest rather than spill. Crumbs are a no-no.

Leave a Little

Leaving a little of each item shows that there was enough food. No clean plate clubs here.

However, do not leave shells in the bowl they were served in. If you have a dish with shells, like clams, put the emptied shells onto a separate plate or the lid of the bowl.

How to Eat Sushi

You have likely been eating sushi wrong. Sushi is different than maki or sashimi. Maki is the rolls that are cut. Sahsimi is the raw fish without the rice. You can use chopsticks for both of those, but not sushi.

• Avoid putting a lot of soy sauce in your dipping bowl. You should only have a trace left when done.
• Do not put wasabi onto the fish, but mix it without spilling into the soy sauce.
• Use your fingers to pick up sushi, not your chopsticks.
• Gently touch the fish side of your sushi to the soy sauce rather than dipping the rice.
• Avoid leaving rice floating in the bowl.
• All sushi or maki should be eaten in one, single bite. Do not bite pieces in half.

Soup, Noodles, and Rice

It’s normal to slurp when eating noodles. The Japanese believe that inhaling air while eating noodles brings out the full taste.

To consume soup:

• Eat all solid pieces with chopsticks, holding the bowl close to your mouth to help scoop items into your mouth.
• Once the solids are eaten, put the chopsticks aside. Sip broth from the bowl, holding it with both hands.

Rice is eaten like soup, held to the mouth and scooped from the bowl. You can eat the rice after the main course as its own dedicated course. Alternately, you can hold a bit of the main course over the bowl (held to your chest). Take a bite of the main dish and then put a bite of rice into your mouth quickly after.

Paying for a Meal

Take and give things, like money, with both hands. The bill is generally paid in its entirety by the person who invites the rest to dinner. Tipping is considered rude, so do not leave money in addition to the bill. Now you know how to eat sushi and most of what you’ll need for your next trip to Japan.

Sweden is a modern Scandinavian country with about 85% of the population living in urban areas. As a member of the European Union, it is an easy country to navigate provided you have your passport in order. About one-fifth of its population is foreign born, so the Swedish are used to outsiders. Nonetheless, the primary language is Swedish. While there are a number of English speakers, it’s not even one of their six official languages. Doing business in Sweden requires you understand a few things about Swedish culture. The Swedish are deeply invested in what they consider important.

Swedish Culture: No Nonsense When It Comes to Nature

It may be a constitutional monarchy, but Sweden’s natural landscape is decidedly public. It has over 24,000 little islands and a ton of nature, which the Swedish cherish. That means:

DO NOT LITTER

You shouldn’t litter anywhere, but it is especially rude to this environmentally friendly nation. Generally, you want to show respect for the environment when there. The Swedish are highly invested in eliminating waste. They don’t like disposable plastic bottles or being unconscientious. Recycling is serious. And, they take great pride in Sweden’s natural resources and outdoor recreation.

Inclusive Politically and Socially

Swedish culture is rooted in liberal values, including strong protections against discrimination and for civil rights, public access, and freedoms of expression. They are a leader in gender equality.

The third largest foreign-born population in Sweden is Syrian and the fourth is Iraqi. The Swedish are very inclusive and socially conscientious. They have some of the most comparatively liberal beliefs. If you have personally held beliefs that conflict with these ideas, it is unwise to discuss or show negative feelings.

In general, the Swedes do not appreciate political debates — particularly with foreigners. Complaining is also considered extremely insulting and uncouth.

Mind Your Personal Space

The Swedish are notoriously into having their “space.” It’s a concept familiar to most Californians, but not everyone in the United States or elsewhere. Mind not to stand too close or hover around people.

Swedes are not touchy. A handshake is sufficient and not sustained. Do not hug, pat, or touch people.

Speak, Dress, and Act Like a Stoic

Since the Vikings, Swedish culture has been marked by Calvinism, Lutheran Orthodoxy, and an overall coming and going of some rather sober philosophies. In keeping, the Swedish tend to be subdued and stoical. To blend in while doing business:

• Do not engage in idle chit-chat.
• Avoid flashy dress.
• Maintain eye contact and sincerity.
• Be conservative with complimenting or prying into someone’s personal life.
• Keep makeup and jewelry minimal.
• Don’t show off or be superficial.
• Try not to be loud or draw attention to yourself.
• Avoid talking loudly or big gestures.

Enjoy the silence. For the Swedish, the idea of an uncomfortable silence does not exist. Conversation for the sake of itself is not a problem.

Do not brag. Swedish culture is famous for jantelagen, or downplaying individual accomplishment. The commonly held cultural value is epitomized by ten rules, called the Law of Jante or the Jante’s Shield:

• You’re not to think you are anything special.
• You’re not to think you are as good as we are.
• You’re not to think you are smarter than we are.
• You’re not to imagine yourself better than we are.
• You’re not to think you know more than we do.
• You’re not to think you are more important that we are.
• You’re not to think you are good at anything.
• You’re not to laugh at us.
• You’re not to think anyone cares about you. 
• You’re not to think you can teach us anything.

These laws come from a fictional novel written by Aksel Sandemose in 1933. Sandemose’s satire addressed the collectivist attitude of the Scandinavians.

Democratic Values are the Norm in Swedish Culture

Whether at work or out and about, Swedish culture is very democratic. The monarchy exists pretty much in title only. Titles and hierarchies do not impress the Swedes. When doing business in Sweden, pay respect to everyone. Everyone is given a voice. In fact, the four fundamental laws that structure their government and Swedish culture are:

• The Institute of Government
• The Act of Succession
• The Freedom of the Press Act
• The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression

Because of the flat business structure, business decisions and deals often fall to more junior employees than elsewhere. It’s always wise to be polite to everyone in Sweden.

Work-Life Balance

The Swedish do not live to work, instead they prioritize time with loved ones. They are unlikely to give up personal time or take meetings that conflict with normal work hours or expectations.

Breaks and meals, including fika, are not worked through.

Down to Business

Much as the Swedes do not like small talk, they are always ready to talk business. Unlike other countries that may require socialization and the establishment of a personal relationship before bringing up business, Swedish culture is very no-nonsense. Business lunches and meetings are about business.

For meetings, this no-nonsense approach also means they will be more interested in well-articulated facts and figures than flashy pitches.

Swedish businesspeople will avoid conflict.

Always put things in writing. Verbal agreements and phone calls are not considered sufficient.

Coffee Breaks: Fika for Life

Caffeine powers Swedish culture. They are one of the top three world coffee consumers. Called Fika, getting coffee (or a coffee break) is fundamental in Swedish culture. It’s often used as a social time to chat and have a sweet with friends.

Coffee is serious in Sweden, too, often serving as informal business meetings. If you are asked to coffee, this is a great opportunity to get some business done.

Business Meetings

At a lunch or dinner, the most important guest sits to the right of the host.

Punctuality is also very important to the Swedes. If you are running late, be sure to call and let them know. However, it’s best to be early. They likely will be. Punctuality also extends to the end of meetings, which is promptly done at the agreed meeting end time. They will indicate this by beginning to pack up at the predetermined time.

Note that when scheduling a meeting, you should aim for:

• Meetings between 10am and 2pm.
• Scheduling enough time to complete everything on your agenda.
• Avoiding the holiday months of July, August, and February (people are gone).

Handshakes are brief and strong. They start and conclude meetings.

Titles are not important. Even in important business, it’s perfectly fine to be on a first name basis. This does not require special permission from whomever you are addressing.

Dressing business casual is the norm in Sweden. It’s not quite denim and tee shirts. But it’s also not common to wear a suit. If you have questions about dress code for any event, asking will be welcome.

Because everyone is valued, the mood of workplaces is more relaxed than many places. It’s a mistake to confuse this light mood for being too slack. Maintain a friendly but efficient approach to work and business counterparts. Do not show disrespect by chewing gum, slouching, or being too casual.

Doing business in Russia comes with its own logistical hoops, like obtaining a visa from the Russian embassy or consulate. The cultural challenges are also complex. Across the nation, the giganticness of Russia shows in the cultural diversity. There are over 100 minority languages. While most of the country is Russian Orthodox, about 75%, there is also Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, and other Christian churches. Luckily there are certain consistent business etiquette rules that will help you do business in Russia.

Language Barriers

Many Russians in the metropolitan areas speak English well enough to consider it a second language. However, it is wise to bring an interpreter along to important meetings.

Etiquette Rules for Visiting the Home

Taking off your shoes and coat is expected when entering someone’s home. Some people provide slippers for guests, but not all do. Be aware to have clean, well-cared-for feet.

Bring a small gift or flowers for the host. If bringing flowers, select an odd number and veer away from yellow. Even numbers are for funerals. Yellow flowers in the house are bad luck.

In business or home visits be careful not to compliment or take too much note of items. The host or hostess may feel obligated to gift that item to you.

Business Relationships in Post-USSR Russia

Corruption is notorious in Russia and business does not always play by the rules. Because of that, the strength of relationships is of heightened importance. Socializing will be part of business dealings. This is part of what takes extra time around business dealings.

Go straight to the top whenever possible. Russian businesses are often hierarchical. Enforcing unpopular clauses is frequently useless without proper backing. Often, large decisions and business are dependent on one central, top-level person. Garnering their support is key.

Entertaining is an important part of Russian business relationships. While doing business in Russia can seem slow, no business will happen without investing the time in people.

Dining Etiquette in Russia

Unlike the US, the knife is held in the right hand and the fork in the left. Do not put these down while eating.

Polite dining etiquette also means resting your wrists or elbows on the edge of the table. Your hands should always be in sight. Do not put them under the table.

Business by Age and Rank

Older Russians tend to be much more conservative and traditional than younger Russians. When working with older Russians, they will prefer to do business in groups. Younger Russians, who did not grow up under communism, tend to be more individualistic.

Regardless of who you are doing business with, rank and age are very important to Russians. You should have an appropriately matched businessperson to negotiate with their counterpart.

When addressing people, be sure to have their title correct and use formal language. Do not use informal language or attempt to be funny. Misunderstandings can be unforgivable and can destroy business. If you are unsure the titles of people, check with someone ahead of time.

Businesswomen in Russia

Russia may be a major global player, but it is not in the 21^st Century of gender equality. While things are slowly changing, understand that women are still largely excluded from upper tier jobs. Due to their conservative views, most businessmen are more comfortable dealing with other men.

Socializing is often not a mixed-gender event, particularly with older Russians.

Be Informed About Russia

Russians are very proud, veering on nationalistic. Learn about Russian history, culture, and geography before arriving. Be careful to avoid controversial topics, such as communism, or any judgmentalism.

Russian Business Meeting Etiquette

Russian business meetings are to be taken seriously. Larger meetings are not places for debate or challenges to authority. They are strictly informational. Small, closed-door meetings are usually the only space for subordinates or counterparts to voice differences.

Schedule Ahead

Bureaucracy can be thick in Russia. Especially when meeting with officials, book all meetings at least 6 weeks ahead. Call a few days beforehand to confirm.

Meetings run long in Russia. Often, meetings are paired with lunch. Socially knowing your business counterparts is commonplace.

Try and avoid morning meetings. Russians tend to start later than Westerners.

Business Attire is Formal and Conservative

Dressing in traditional, formal business attire is standard in Russia. Men should wear suits. Women should wear skirts that are not too short or revealing. Make sure that shoes are polished and not scuffed. Keep hair well-groomed.

Showing your position in how you dress is well-received in Russia. You have to look important to be important. Dress smart. Wearing your nicer jewelry or watches can help get respect.

Punctually Patient

You will want to be on time to show respect. However, patience is highly valued in Russian business and frequently tested. You may have to wait on your business counterpart.

Handshakes are common greetings. However, it is bad luck to shake hands by a doorway. This can be taken very offensively.

Business Card Etiquette and Materials in Russia

Having an interpreter is essential to business dealings in Russia. All materials should be provided in both Russian and English.

Business cards should:

• Be in Russian on one side and English on the other.
• List any degrees or certifications.

Protokol is a summary that concludes every meeting. In the protokol, an outline of the meeting’s content is drafted and signed by all parties.

Conduct

You will be expected to arrive prepared to outline (written accompaniment helps) and detail your company and its proposed advantages over alternative businesspeople. Make sure this is available in Russian.

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is considered more trustworthy than the written word. Be sure to follow any agreements or written communications with a verbal repeat and confirmation.

You should also prepare for silence. There are often long pauses before responses. Do not interrupt.

Somewhat ironically, once a business conversation is over, like on the phone, Russians may hang up abruptly. This is not rudely intended, but simply that they do not engage in small talk in business.

Another uniquely Russian habit is taking cell phone calls at unusual times. For example, they may take a call in the middle of a meeting or dinner.

Negotiations

Once you have an appropriately matched counterpart to head negotiations, business negotiation can start. While negotiating is standard, it’s also tricky. Russians value strength, so they will not compromise. Instead, they will wait for you to make concessions. Have patience. There is a lot of bravado that comes with Russian business negotiations. For example, it’s not uncommon for people to walk out of meetings. (They do come back.)

Tips for negotiating:

• Remain patient and wait.
• Do not let your business counterparts know about deadlines or pressures they can use as leverage.
• Be prepared for walk-outs or last-minute cancellations (these are tactics).
• Do not push your Russian counterparts.

The stereotype of the rude Frenchman is only one side of a larger cultural misunderstanding. To the French, the rude American is a known stereotype. Understanding the cultural clash is important to successfully navigate French business etiquette.

French business etiquette has its own graces. While things may start with a customary aloofness, once the French establish a rapport they are warm and friendly.

French Values: From Revolution to Public Parks

From 1789 to 1799, the French Revolution tore down the reigning monarchy, aristocracy, and institutions in the name of democracy and social justice. Rather than leveling the cultural and economic boons of the aristocrats, privilege was democratized and culturally distributed—from education to museum visits. The ethics of socialized democracy are widespread throughout the country.

The French take pride in their landscape, history, and civic beautification. The luxuries once hoarded by the aristocrats became public. They value their leisure time and spaces. Littering and vandalism are not commonplace. Most people are well-informed about culture and politics.

Personal Time is Personal

Culturally, the French work to live, not live to work. Whether it is a small shop, big chain, businessperson, or Versailles itself, they expect business hours to be business hours. Gates and shops will close punctually. The French value personal time.

Work-life balance is a matter of social justice in France. The government will fine businesses for having their personnel answer email or phone calls after hours. Working late is not looked upon favorably.

Service, Not Servants

Everyone is important in France. In a restaurant, shop, market, or boutique actively greeting the keeper and staff is expected. Simply say, “Bonjour, Madame” for women and “Bonjour, Monsieur” when addressing men.

Do not touch food items unless in a supermarket. Wait for help. Indicate your needs by pointing politely.

Always say thank you in French, or, “Merci” (pronounced mare-see).

Closed Hours

Note that in addition to posted hours, many businesses close from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm.

Many businesses also close on Sunday. This is especially true outside of places like Paris, Lyon, or other major destinations. In some places in rural France, the train service will not run on the weekend.

Avoid business during July and August if possible. Holiday means a number of people are away and much business is stopped.

Public holidays also shut down commercial activity.

Avoid Being Too American

The French are often put-off and can seem rude in response to grating behavior, preferring not to deal with it. This can explain French aloofness. Showing respect for French culture will relax this tension.

Here are some tips for blending in French culture:

Dress Well—Everywhere

The French are well presented, well groomed, and conscientious about their appearance. Sweatshirts and tennis shoes are bound to make you look like a tourist, which the French consider a nuisance. Avoid sweatpants, athletic gear, sloppy dressing, or being too casual.

Culture, Culture, Culture. Not for Tourists.

The French consider public space a privilege and honor. Part of the distaste for tourists is that France is a serious tourist destination, but it is also their home. The French lifestyle overlaps tourist migratory patterns. Children’s birthday parties happen at Rodin’s backyard museum. Leisure time is spent in public parks, having discussions and picnics. Coarse, loud, or indelicate behavior in public is considered an affront. Only, you may not realize you are breaking the public aesthetic.

Use Inside Voices

The French speak more softly than Americans. In fact, the loudness of American talk is not only considered rude, but cartoonish. Ending sentences like questions (when they aren’t), speaking brashly, and not minding shared social space are considered distasteful.

Take Your Time

Do not wave down, yell at, or rush staff or other people. The French are not tip-based and culturally enjoy leisurely meals and coffee breaks. They are being polite by giving you time. You are being impolite rushing them. In keeping, schedule plenty of time for meals.

One exception is that you will have to ask for your bill. For a waiter to leave a bill on a table is akin to asking you to leave—which they will not do. Allowing people to linger with a single espresso or a full meal is considerate.

Send Thank You Cards, Snail Mail

Send thank you cards to hosts and hostesses the day following any event in someone’s home. Notes should be handwritten.

Fruit baskets or flowers are also appreciated. Avoid Chrysanthemums as they are funerary. If sending flowers, always send odd number bouquets, but avoid bunches of 7 or 13.

French Business Etiquette: Social Graces and Greetings

The lines between business and personal relationships are less formal in France. When meeting, men greet each other with a handshake. However, air kisses are common greetings. Let your French counterpart lead.

Always say hello to everyone when greeting. It may take a while, but it is rude not to greet the whole party.

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is considered friendly.

Guidelines for French Business Meetings

• Schedule meetings at least two weeks in advance, confirming the day before.
• Be on time.
• Be well dressed.
• Greet and say goodbye to everyone.
• Introduce yourself with your first and last name.
• Uses formal addresses with surnames until invited to use first names.
• Be prepared to start and end meetings with small talk.
• Never rush negotiations or meetings.
• Expect business conversation, but not decisions.
• Prepare for polite, direct answers. (Also, do not be surprised by interruptions.)

What are Bises? Are There Really Business Kisses?

Light kisses on the cheek, called bises, are a common greeting in France. These are more often a light touching of cheeks accompanied by air kisses.

Depending on the region, there are two or four kisses alternating cheeks. (Follow the French lead.) Greetings are determined by gender and familiarity:

• Women greet women with bises most commonly.
• Men greet men with a firm handshake.
• Women greet men with a handshake upon first meeting. Traditionally, the woman offers her hand first. After some familiarity, bises take the place of a handshake.

Personal Space

As you may guess from the air kisses, people are more comfortable with closeness in France. After some familiarity, the French touch to show friendliness. The normal conversational distance is just inside arm’s length.

Be on Time for Business — Even in Case of Strike

While people take their time for meals and leisure, it is important to be on time for business meetings. That can be challenging if there are transportation strikes, which are not uncommon. Plan on staying in a walkable distance to your meetings.

French Business Attire

French business attire is formal and as close to couture as you can afford. Even lower level employees dress up for work. Being well-groomed and meticulous will gain you respect—and show that you respect the time and company afforded you. The way you dress is a show of social status, which will contribute to the way you are received.

For suits and business clothing: 

• Fitted or tailored clothing is preferable, not loose or sloppy.
• Ties should not be loose.
• Shoes should be stylish, quality, and polished.
• Clothing should be tasteful, not lewd.
• Business suits should be dark in the winter or conservative in color.
• Accessorize, especially with women’s makeup and jewelry. Makeup is standard and expected, but should not be caked on. Skincare is highly valued, so showing good skin is optimal.
• Avoid blue dress shirts. This is a military recruit’s uniform color.
• Do not remove jackets unless someone else has.

English in France

The French do not hold English as the world language. Though many speak some English, they are often hesitant to speak it. Some are more inclined to speak Spanish or Italian, which are more similar linguistically to French.

Learn a few lines of French to help you get around. Major cities will likely have someone nearby who speaks some English. Learning French can be difficult. It is not phonetic; many of the syllables are silent. Try to address them politely in French nevertheless. They will appreciate the effort.

Here are a few small phrases to help:

• Hello – Bonjour
  (bone-zhour or bone-jewr)
• Pardon me, do you speak English? – Pardonnez-moi, parlez-vous anglais?
  (par-doan-eh-moo-ah, par-lay-voo an-glaze)
• I am sorry. I do not speak French. – Je suis désolé. Je ne parle pas français.
  (Zhe sue-ease deh-sole-ay. Zhe nay par-le pah fran-saiz)
• Thank you. – Merci 
  (Mare-sea)
• Please. – S’il vous plait
  (Sea voo play)
• Goodbye – Au revoir
  (Ah rev-wahr)

When doing business in France, you will benefit from having a translator.

French Gestures

The French speak with their whole body. Gestures are part of that. They won’t mind if you speak with hand gestures.

However, avoid smacking a closed fist into an open palm; it is a rude gesture. In fact, sticking a fist up can look similarly offensive.

If someone puts a finger up to their eye and pulls down a lid, it means they do not believe you. If someone pinches their fingers up and together, it indicates fear or apprehension.

French Dining Etiquette

The French take dining very seriously. To observe French business etiquette, expect meal invitations, but do not talk business until dessert. It’s a good idea to wait for the French associates to broach the conversation.

Meals are leisurely. The French work hard for allotted hours but enjoy leisurely lunches. Scheduled lunches start between 12:30 and 1:00 pm and usually run until 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm. Plan accordingly.

Dinners are later throughout Europe than they are in the states. In France, expect dinners to start between 8:30 pm and 11 pm and run long.

Wait to be directed to your seat. When there are more than four people, the most senior will frequently take the head of the table.

Keep Your Hands in Sight

It is impolite to have your hands out of view at a table. Make sure that your hands or elbows are on the table, in view of company.

Bread Service

Bread baskets are different in France. They are not meant to be gorged upon prior to the meal. Instead, save bread to eat with your meal. Do so by tearing small pieces off. Do not tear it off with your teeth.

Bread plates are not often used. Put bread on the table next to your plate. (Also, hold the butter unless provided.)

Eat Continental Style, Not Passing the Fork

The French eat with traditional continental manners. They do not pass the fork back and forth left to right. Remember that crossing your utensils signals a break from eating. Lying them the same direction (up and away) diagonally on the plate signals being done.

How to Eat in the Continental Dining Style:

• Place the napkin on your lap upon sitting.
• If you rise from the table, put your napkin on the chair.
• Keep your fork in your left hand with the tines downward.
• Use the right hand to hold the knife.
• If you put down your utensils, put both down. Cross the fork and knife in the center of the plate. The tines should point down.

• At the end of a meal, the napkin is put on the table to the left of your setting.
• To show you are finished eating, put the fork and knife on the plate, pointing up and away from you in the same direction.

Salad is for After the Main Course

Salads are served alongside or after the meal to be eaten as a palate cleanser. After salad will frequently come the dessert or cheese plate.

Finish Your Food

Food is art in France. It is a matter of cultural pride.

Servings are not meant to be overwhelming (though they are rich). Order what you can comfortably eat. Plates will be designed for the course. So, it is I unlikely that an appetizer and main will be too much. As a result, leaving food on your plate is considered an affront to the chef. It suggests that something was wrong with the meal. Similarly, asking for a to-go box is rude. It shows disrespect for the freshness of a meal.

Wine Etiquette

The only acceptable beverages with food are water and wine. No soda. No coffee. No tea. They will serve it to you, but it will seem uncouth.

Wine is served with most meals. However, if invited to someone’s home opt to bring a lovely box of gourmet chocolates or macarons. It may seem counterintuitive, but do not bring wine when invited for a meal. The host may take it as a suggestion that you do not trust their wine knowledge. Additionally, they will likely have chosen wine to compliment the meal. You may, as an exception, bring high-quality imported spirit or liqueur.

Another rule of thumb is to allow the host to pour the wine. They will monitor the level of wine for the tone.

Bringing Flowers to Dinner

If you would like to bring the host flowers, it is polite to send them ahead of arriving to dinner. This way the host has time to arrange the flowers and present them. Like thank-you flowers, you should avoid chrysanthemums, even numbers, and bunches of seven or 13.

“Sprichst du Deutsch?“ If you don’t speak German, business etiquette is still something you can master with a little foreknowledge. The following tips for doing business in Germany will help your business dealings go smoothly. Nonetheless, it’s always good to prepare yourself with an interpreter and a healthy appetite for schnitzel.

Being German: Manners Are a Matter of Character

Germans are renowned for running like clockwork. They take things seriously. Humor during business is not considered appropriate. They value precision, hard work, structure, and rules. They plan ahead and play by common guidelines. This means that high-risk, uncensored, spontaneous, cagey, or unpredictable behavior is not looked at favorably.

The German character may seem inflexible to Americans. For the Germans, these pragmatic, rule-abiding behaviors are considered courteous. It is actually the way Germans set reasonable, transparent expectations.

German Business Attire

Conservative business attire for both men and women is best in Germany. Business suits or ensembles, including skirts and blouses, are normal. Choose dark or medium colors. Avoid garish or flashy accessories.

Details matter in German business attire. Be sure your shoes are clean and polished. Keep hair, nails, and presentation detail-oriented and well-groomed.

German Business Etiquette and Communication

Honest and direct. Communication is something the Germans do without a lot of fluff, indirectness, or irony. So, you’ll be able to communicate without too many missteps.

Stay formal when addressing others. Use peoples‘ title and last name until given explicit permission to do otherwise. In Germany, men are addressed as Herr (pronounced Air) instead of Mr. Women are addressed at Frau (pronounced frow) instead of Ms. or Mrs.

For example, George Washington would be Herr Washington. Lady Gaga would be Frau Gaga.

Business cards are not given away as freely in Germany. Getting one is permission to have personal contact.

In-person communication in Germany:

• Shake hands to say hello and goodbye—to everyone. Keep it firm and brief.
• Use a person’s title and last name.
• Don’t be touchy.
• Be mindful of personal space.
• Maintain eye contact.
• Speak simply and to the point.
• Avoid small talk or personal topics.
• Be honest and avoid hard pitches.
• Show respect to all people, regardless of rank.

Rather than applauding — say after a presentation — Germans will rap their knuckles on the table gently.

Keep Things at Arm‘s Length

Personal space is commonplace in Germany. Keep an arm’s length between you and others in business and social settings. Touching is considered very intimate and reserved for close friends and family.

Personal space also counts for conversation. Stay away from personal questions or being invasive. Also, unless expressly asked to, do not call business associates at home or after hours.

Punctuality

Even the buses run on time in Germany, so blaming transportation — or anything for that matter — will not excuse lateness. The Germans are rarely more than a couple minutes late. And, usually, they are actually at least five minutes early. Always be on time. Agendas and schedules are strict in Germany. If you are late, apologize without making up excuses. You’ve committed a faux pas. Doubling down on impoliteness will not help.

Do not cancel! Planning a meeting ahead of time is important. Following through is even more critical.

Business Meetings and Negotiations in Germany

Things come from the top — and they tend to be correct to the smallest detail. Business in Germany is hierarchical. Do not expect decisions to be made instantaneously or at the conclusion of a meeting. Germans will want to dot all the I’s, cross all the t’s, and go through all the proper channels first.

Quality is crucial in Germany. Business negotiations and agreements will also depend on high-quality — down to the details. It’s important to be very thorough in all work product, contracts, and deals. Nothing will be agreed to until all details are in place. Nothing will change once those details are agreed upon. So, it’s better to take time (while punctually meeting deadlines) than to go forward haphazardly.

Waving Won’t Get You Anywhere

Waving your hand side-to-side means no in Germany. Instead, you can rake your fingers out and in with your palm down to call someone over.

Proper Manners Means Proper Gifts

It is appropriate to give a small gift at initial business meetings. Small gifts include souvenirs from your country. Gifts with your company logo are also appropriate.

Unlike many Asian countries, business gifts will be opened immediately. Be sure to have nice wrapping paper.

German Dining Etiquette

Entertaining, especially over a meal, means you are taking the business matters at hand seriously. So you will likely have a dining occasion. Formality is still expected.

Regardless of the business, whoever makes the dinner or lunch invitation will pay the entire bill. Do not offer to pay whole or part of the bill. It will be seen as rude, regardless of intent.

Continental Dining Manners

When dining with Germans, be especially mindful of proper manners. They eat continentally—with the fork in the left hand (tines down) and knife in the right hand throughout. Do not pass the fork back and forth between hands. Don’t set down your knife to use the fork alone. When taking a break in eating, cross your utensils on your plate with the tines down and points at 12 o’clock.

If you rise from the table prior to the meal ending, leave the napkin on your chair. If you finish, your utensils are put parallel across your plate with tines and point between 10 o’clock and 11 o’clock. Your napkin can then go to the left of your setting.

Dining manners:

• Wait for the host before eating or drinking.
• Maintain eye contact before and after toasts.
• Never use your fingers—even for fries.
• Place your napkin on your lap.
• Expect longer, more leisurely meals. Rushing service will be rude.
• The host pays for the bill.
• Service charges are included in the bill, however, you can include an extra 10% to the server if the service was particularly good. Hand this extra 10% directly to the server.

Arbitration is a method of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). It is used to develop mutually agreeable settlements between opposing parties rather than filing a lawsuit and taking the case to court. However, both parties must agree to arbitrate rather than going to trial.

The arbitration is resolved by one or more impartial arbitrators. Both parties agree the arbitrator’s decision will be final and legally binding. At the end of the arbitration, the arbitrator gives the arbitration award, a legally binding settlement that is enforceable in court.

Many different types of disputes can be settled in arbitration. However, arbitrations are most commonly used for commercial disputes, particularly international trade agreements. These disputes are settled with international arbitration, which has its own distinct rules.

International Arbitration

When the parties in an arbitration are from different countries, it can be considered an international arbitration. International arbitration follows its own non-country specific rules and standards of ethical conduct, separate from the domestic arbitration of the country where the arbitration is taking place.

Most countries that participate in significant international trade and economic transactions follow the laws ratified at the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, also known as the New York Convention of 1958. Under the New York Convention, if a party in an international arbitration files a lawsuit that breaches the arbitration agreement, the court must halt further legal proceedings. The rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Arbitration also apply to international arbitrations.

Steps in the Arbitration Process

1. Initiation – One party of a dispute sends a letter to the opposing party requesting that the disagreement be settled in an arbitration.

2. Appoint arbitrators  – There are three different ways arbitrators can be appointed:

• Arbitrators can be appointed directly by the two parties.
• Arbitrators that are already part of the arbitration can appoint additional arbitrators.
• An external party, such as the court, can nominate arbitrators.

3.  First meeting- The arbitrator, parties, and their legal counsel meet to discuss the dispute and set up an appropriate process and timetable.

4. Statement of claim- The party making the claim provides a summary of the dispute and the remedy they are seeking. The statement of claim informs the respondent of the alleged facts, but it does not include evidence.

5. Statement of response- The recipient of the statement of claim either admits or denies the claims. They may also present a counter claim, which needs a reply from the claimant.

6. Discovery and inspection- Each party provides a list of documents relevant to the arbitration. Then, both parties view the documents and agree on which documents should be given to the arbitrator.

7. Present evidence- The evidence is written down and given to the arbitrator to review before the hearing.

8. Hearing- Both parties give their case to the arbitrators. Each party can be present while the other side states their claim. During the hearing, the arbitrators question witnesses and can ask for clarification on any information.

9. Legal submissions- Both parties’ lawyers give the arbitrator a summary of their evidence. This can either be provided orally at the meeting or it can be put in writing once the hearing ends.

10. Arbitration award- After considering all the claims and evidence, the arbitrator makes a decision. An award summarizes the case, provides the final decision, and gives a reason for the decision.

Advantages of Arbitration

• Arbitration is usually heard sooner and resolved quicker that litigation in court.
• In court, the parties are assigned a judge. In arbitration, the parties can choose one or multiple arbitrators. This is especially helpful when the arbitration is highly technical. Parties can choose arbitrators with expertise in the subject area to preside over the arbitration.
• Hearings can be arranged at times and places that are convenient to the arbitrators, parties, and witnesses.
• Arbitration hearings and agreements are confidential.
• Arbitration rewards are often easier to enforce in foreign countries than court verdicts due to the provisions in the New York Convention of 1958.

Disadvantages of Arbitration

• One or both parties pay for the arbitrator, while the courts provide a judge for free. However, overall arbitration is usually less expensive than litigation.
• In some situations, the arbitration is binding. This means parties yield their rights to let the decision be decided in court.
• Usually, arbitration is resolved faster than litigation. However, if there are multiple arbitrators it can be difficult to schedule hearing dates where they are all available.
• Obtaining evidence by means of discovery is more limited in arbitration than in court litigation.
• It is difficult to overturn decisions made in an arbitration, even if the decision is erroneous.
• Arbitration awards are not directly enforceable, unlike judgements in court. If a party would like to enforce an award, they need to use an action, a type of judicial remedy, to confirm the award.

Should There be a Court Reporter at an Arbitration?

A court reporter is not required at an arbitration. But, having a record of the arbitration can prevent the arbitration from turning into litigation. Although an agreement may be reached in an arbitration, sometimes the opposing party will still decide to go the court. This could be due to a miscommunication about the agreement or the opposing party wanting to reach a better outcome.

With a court reporter transcribing a verbatim record of the arbitration, you have an exact record of what was agreed upon. Without a court reporter, you or the opposing party could forget or misunderstand the details of the settlement.

How Having a Court Reporter Keeps You Safe

Review the Transcript

If a miscommunication occurs between you and the opposing party, you and your lawyer can read the court reporter’s complete account of the arbitration. With the transcript, you can figure out what was misheard or misunderstood during the proceedings.

Review Agreements

In some situations, the opposing parties might try to alter the agreement by arguing what was decided during the arbitration. By having a complete transcript of the arbitration, you can show exactly what was said and agreed upon.

File an Appeal

If you believe your rights were violated during the arbitration process, you will want to go to court to appeal the decision. Without an accurate transcript, you may not have the evidence you need to go forward with your claim and your case could be dismissed.

International Court Reporters

Whether your arbitration is taking place in the United States or abroad, hiring a court reporter provides your party the protection you need. Planet Depos is an international court reporting agency that provides transcriptions for arbitrations around the world. We use the latest technology to create accurate transcriptions in real-time. Our editors produce final transcripts within three hours after the arbitration, so you will have an complete record whenever you need it.

Relative to other South American countries it is expensive to do business in Colombia. Business in the major cities of Bogota and Cartagena is similar to the costs in American and European cities.

Business centers of Colombia are dedicated to creating a modern business environment. Business etiquette is globally minded, but still influenced by Colombian cultural norms. Most business is relegated to the cities. In these urban areas, those in the private sector are more sophisticated than in other regions. There is a resulting obvious class distinction between those who have access to education and business and others. Across all socioeconomic areas and regions, Colombians are hard working people with an obviously strong work ethic.

Due to political and social unrest, going outside of the major cities should be done cautiously.

Colombian Business Attire

Traditional business attire is normal in Colombia. The Colombians take pride in being put together and polished. Men should wear suits in dark, neutral colors. Women should wear the equivalent, including women’s suits and professional dresses. Be well groomed, always. Avoid being too casual.

Shoes are incredibly important. Do not underestimate them. It is never acceptable to wear tennis shoes outside of an athletic context. Dress shoes should be well cared for, keeping them polished and clean.

Women should avoid being overly flashy, though makeup and heels are the norm.

Daytime

Daytime business is more traditionally suit-and-tie. Daytime meetings—including working breakfasts and lunches, are popular. They occur in hotels and private clubs. Even outside of office environments, traditional business attire is status quo.

Evening Dinners

Evening dinners and cocktail receptions are commonplace. The attire will likely be more relaxed. If it is at a restaurant, it is wise to look up the restaurant online or ask a concierge about the dress code.

Language Barriers in Colombia

Spanish is spoken by nearly all Colombians. The exception is some minor indigenous groups that you are unlikely to come across. However, there are a great number of dialects based on the large number of cultural influences from the Caribbean, Europe, and South America.

Even if you studied Spanish, a translator will be helpful for any business-level discussion. Colombians are friendly and social. You can probably manage shops and tourist-friendly areas with a reasonable amount of Spanish. However, regional idioms and dialects can be challenging, especially when you’re involved in legal disputes.

Business Meals and Socializing in Colombia

Business is personal in Colombia. Most business will stop at some point if based on email, telephone, or video-conferencing.

People want to get to know and trust you before doing business. Face-to-face meetings are necessary for most business. Relationship building is the groundwork of any business in Colombia. Networking and socializing are essential parts of Colombian business culture. The importance of working meals rests on this cultural value. Most meals will last two to three hours.

They are invested in their guests having a good time. Do not rush into business talk. It won’t show the same interest in developing rapport.

Let your Colombian counterparts start the business discussion.

Dining and Entertaining at Home

If you are invited to someone’s home, it is appropriate to bring a small gift or flowers for the hostess. Avoid lilies or chrysanthemums since they’re funerary flowers.

Colombians value family above business associates. Family will always take priority. So, be sure to be on your best manners.

Colombian Dining Etiquette

Lunch is the most important meal of the day in Colombia. Breakfasts and dinners tend to be lighter. Be prepared for a large, slower meal. It is common to have business lunches, but they will feel more like dinner to a foreigner.

Colombians take manners very seriously. If you are male, use more traditional business manners towards women. For example, getting the door, standing at the table, and waiting to sit until after your company.

Do not eat with your hands. Stay with formal dining etiquette.

Always keep both hands in sight, but keep your elbows off the table. Resting your wrists or forearms on the table is appropriate.

The check is picked up by whoever gave the invitation.

Colombian Business Etiquette

Hierarchy

Business in Colombia is run traditionally with established hierarchies. Decisions will come from key senior employees. Those decision points will happen in-office, while meals are for creating personal relationships. Those relationships are critical to ongoing business and the decisions at hand.

Greetings

Smile freely. Greeting everyone with a smile is expected. You do not have to be somber to be serious in Colombia.

Small talk will likely come at the beginning and end of meetings. Trying to leave early or avoid chatting may be taken for rudeness.

Shake hands with everyone when joining or leaving a group.

Punctuality

Be on time — and relax. It is important to be on time to business meetings. That said, there is a 50-50 chance you’ll end up waiting up to 30 minutes.

Time works differently. Someone may say they will get to you tomorrow and not actually do so until the next week. Be patient and do not take this personally. Do not commit to anything dependent on those time commitments.

Business Meetings

Colombians have a closer talking distance than most Americans and Europeans. Despite this, they touch less frequently than the rest of South America.

• Shake everyone’s hand and smile. Colombian women may grip the forearm instead of hand.
• Allow socializing and personal conversation.
• Let the Colombian counterpart bring up the business at hand.
• If you have materials, which are advisable, be sure to have them translated into Spanish. Bring enough for all attendees. Printed materials go over well.

Follow all business meetings with a written memorandum or correspondence detailing the highlights and outcomes.

After sending the follow-up correspondence, it is best practice to follow-up in person. If it is impossible to follow-up in person, a phone call is the best alternative.

Cross-Cultural Business Communication

Maintain eye contact to leave a good impression, no matter what.

Colombians are not fond of confrontation and may be indirect. As business is based on personal relationships, business disagreements can be taken as a slight.

Agreements and contracts should be detailed and written.

If you are a woman doing business in Colombia, be aware that it is a highly male dominated country. Gender roles remain traditional.

Colombian Cultural Taboos

• Do not use an index finger to beacon someone. You can wave someone over with your palm down.
• Yawning is impolite.
• Do not put your feet up.
• Do not criticize Colombia or Colombian culture. The Colombians are very proud.
• Pointing with two fingers is an obscene gesture.

Be Safe: Crime and Safety in Colombia

Colombia has improved its public safety a great deal in recent years. Nonetheless, there is a sordid history of crime, especially relating to the cartels and illegal drug trade. Most notably, there have been kidnappings for ransom of prominent Colombians. However, as a tourist you may stand out as a mark for petty criminals, like pickpockets or thieves. Take extra precautions when travelling in Colombia.

• Whenever possible, take a reliable and established car service. Do not take personal cars offering discounted travel.
• Use the concierge at your hotel for a recommended driver or service.
• Avoid being alone in areas without a lot of pedestrian traffic.
• Choose travel groups or tours for larger excursions, particularly those out of town.
• Take air travel between cities.

The Colombians are friendly, so ask colleagues and contacts for any advice on safe destinations, travel, and accommodations.

Planet Depos is an international court reporter agency. Request access to the Planet Depos International Deposition Guide to learn more about preparing for a deposition in Colombia.