News From Planet Depos

There are countries that do not allow taking depositions for a number of reasons. This can obviously lead to numerous discovery problems that can make or break a case. So, what do you do if you need to depose a witness who resides in a country where depositions are not permitted?

Here is more information about a few countries that prohibit depositions and tips on nevertheless taking depositions that remain important to a case.

Why don’t some countries allow depositions by foreigners?

There are over 20 countries that have restrictions or prohibitions on depositions and legal discovery. There are good reasons, but the resulting discovery problems are nonetheless real. Brazil does not permit the taking of depositions by foreign persons. It is considered a violation of Brazil’s judicial sovereignty. Participating in such a deposition in Brazil can result in the arrest, detention, or deportation of the participants. Russia and Austria do not permit depositions at all. China does not allow depositions by foreign persons, but Hong Kong does. Make sure you check with whatever country you will be taking a deposition in prior to potentially violating the law.

What to do about legal discovery problems if depositions are not allowed in a country

Move the deposition. Pay for the witness travel. Get an international court reporting agency that knows the local customs, laws, and procedures. If the witness is willing to travel, take the deposition in a nearby country that permits depositions without prior permission from any Hague Central Authority regardless of the nationality of the witness.

Take steps to reduce discovery problems by preparing for local obstacles or challenges. Ask your court reporting agency about meeting the legal team and witnesses at stations or hotels to ensure travel. Avoid time zone problems by having an agency with people close-by who can communicate in a timely and colloquial manner.

Frequently used alternatives to native countries where depositions are prohibited or restricted:

• Finland can serve as an alternative to Russia
• Hong Kong is frequently used to depose witnesses who reside in China
• Czech Republic and Austria are both members of the Schengen Area, making Czech Republic an ideal substitute for Austrian witnesses as there will be neither witness passport nor immigration controls

Prepare legal team and court reporter travel

There is also your own travel to consider. When traveling internationally, you should:

• Your passport should be valid for at least 6 months after your return date.
• Have at least two blank pages for any entry stamps.
• Check on visa requirements as early as possible, in case procuring any necessary visa is a complicated or time-consuming project.  The State Department lists entry requirements on its website.
• Check the State Department site for relevant travel alerts.
• Keep the information organized to make completing any necessary steps easier.

Local knowledge: The benefits of a court reporting agency

Hotel and accommodation recommendations and help. If you have not been to the deposition destination before, consider asking your court reporting firm for hotel recommendations. With reporters and videographers living and traveling abroad, they can provide knowledgeable recommendations based on your hotel preferences. Once you have arrived at your destination, the reporter and videographer can even tell you where to eat and shop. They can also tell you what places to avoid! Take advantage of their experience; your eyes and your stomach will thank you.

Technical aid. In addition to giving expert travel advice, the reporting agency, court reporter, and staff will technically enhance the deposition with:

• Realtime reporting
• Offsite streaming
• Same-day rough drafts
• Preparation and destruction of exhibits
• Language barriers
• Local procedural nuances
• Room reservations and tech setup
• Aid with technical difficulties

Realtime reporting allows you to immediately access testimony, on your own laptop or a loaner from the reporter. Realtime can also be streamed to offsite participants. You will also receive an instant rough draft at the conclusion of the day’s deposition. The reporter can handle the printing of your exhibits as well as their confidential destruction after the depositions are concluded.

The videographer also adds value to your depositions abroad. There are few things worse than experiencing technical difficulties. But, a skilled videographer will smooth out any technical difficulties. The videographer can step in to assist with conference room reservations, making sure no detail is missed. If anyone is participating via mobile video conference, the videographer can monitor the connection to ensure no interruptions.

While discovery problems are inevitable dealing with international cases, international depositions are easier with support and insight.

For more information on scheduling international depositions, contact Planet Depos International Scheduling at 888.433.3767 or international@planetdepos.com.

Traveling as part of a legal team or as a court reporter abroad can be a fun part of the job for the prepared explorer. You never know where a case will take you. There are assignments that will take you to the largest cities–and others that take you to the smallest towns. Here are a few tips for arranging depositions in Asia and travelling safely abroad.

International court reporting agencies send talent wherever there is need. Like depositions in the United States, Asia-based legal teams may have to travel to small towns. But, what is a “small” town in Asia? One Planet Depos court reporter, Trevor, found that one small town in Taiwan called Douliu City was more foreign than actually “small” by American standards.

You Sent a Court Reporter Where?!

According to Wikipedia, some people consider Douliu the political and economic (physical) center of the Taiwan and the main city in Yunlin County. With a population of 100,000, Douliu is not a small town by American standards. In Asia it is downright tiny. When our court reporter, Trevor, arrived he was excited to see what a small city in Taiwan looked like. And he was not disappointed.

Travel Tips for Court Reporters

1. Check in with the concierge

The concierge at your hotel is a great way to orientate yourself in a new city, perhaps especially in small towns. Taiwan is famous for night markets where locals and tourists roam the city streets for food, drinks, and shopping nightly. But travelling abroad can be overwhelming. In Trevor’s case, the concierge gave all the needed advice about the unique night market of Douliu. Check in with the concierge as soon as you are settled into your room.

Since Douliu is a relatively small town for Asia, its night market is relatively unknown outside of Taiwan. Unlike other night markets, it only runs once a week. It really is a locals-only market. Yet it ranks as one of the best in the country. Trevor’s assignment taking depositions in Asia had lead him to an amazing opportunity.

2. Get local perspective

Asking a reputable local is smart, if a concierge is unavailable. Your assignment may have a local colleague available to guide you. Check how safe the area is and ask for tips whenever going into a new environment, especially off the beaten path. The hotel’s concierge is particularly careful about advice. However, other reputable figures may be tourist boards, embassies, and hosts.

For our court reporter, the tips from the concierge made dinner during business travel more than a meal:

“As I wandered the market, I took in the smells and the sights, but what I found most interesting was the energy. I was welcomed by everyone, and people were excited to share their wares and products with me. I was quickly full eating homemade gyoza dumplings, various meat on a stick, and fresh-squeezed vinegar lemonade. I love trying new things. Douliu was a really neat experience and just one more place that Planet Depos covers in the great, big continent of Asia.”

3. Keep the address on you

Know how to get back. Take a card from the hotel with you that has the hotel name and address. If there is a bilingual concierge or hotel agent, they can write a note on the card in the native language. Show this to any drivers you use.

4. Choose a recognizable or international brand when possible

Choose international brands or recognizable locations when booking hotels or deposition rooms. When scheduling depositions in smaller towns overseas, it is easy to make a blunder. Major international cities like Hong Kong and London offer a range of recognizable hotel names, making choosing a location for your deposition and stay fairly simple. Whenever possible, go with a known quantity or something highly rated by international travel sites. Relying on recognizable hotel brands can provide consistency and help you coordinate with fellow travelers. Even if they don’t speak the language, cab drivers and other locals can probably recognize the name of well-known spots.

5. Anticipate language needs

Do they speak English? Smaller towns don’t always have larger hotel chain or English-speaking staff. Check ahead to see if there is a liaison at the hotel or meeting venue. This is where an on-the-ground team really proves their value.

Agency service includes providing high-quality real-time translation to attorneys, either on their own laptops or loaners courtesy of the reporter. A videographer can also be provided. They are skilled technicians who can step in to resolve any technical difficulties, in addition to recording the proceedings in high definition.

6. Get help with logistics from a locally knowledgeable agency

Ask your international court reporting agency for help with hotel, deposition, and travel arrangements. Better than referring you to the best location, they can reserve it on your behalf and take care of all related details, from security to catering. They not only know which locations can handle the technical aspects of the deposition, they will take care of test calls, printing and shredding needs for your exhibits, and can offer advice as to how to reach the smaller towns from the big ones.

Travel assistance may also be available to the traveling court reporter and visiting legal teams. International court reporting agencies can arrange escort to and from airports and train stations. They can ensure you have the correct ticket and are on the right track.

To learn more about conducting depositions in Asia and around the world, request access to the Planet Depos International Deposition Guide. 

Eating can be a very foreign and disorienting experience for foreigners in Asia. However, it is an incredibly important social and business setting. Know how to politely navigate meals and drinks in China. Having proper dining etiquette is part of having good business etiquette.

When doing business in China, creating a personal relationship is important. Meals are an important part of that, but do not discuss business at meals.

It’s also important to note a few basic rules for dining etiquette in China:

• Learn to use chopsticks before going (etiquette below).
• Taste everything you are not allergic to or violates medical or religious reasons.
• The bowl tells all. Never leave a full bowl, but also do not empty your bowl entirely—the former shows that you don’t approve of the food, while the latter implies the host did not give you enough.
• Defer to the host. Sit, eat, and drink after the host and respected elders or honored people. The host will also pick up the bill for the meal.

Follow these travel tips for business or recreational trips to China.

Dining Etiquette in China

From start to finish, manners are an important part of nonverbal communication for the Chinese. Not following proper dining etiquette can ruin business opportunities.

At the beginning of the meal, sit only where and when the host directs you to. At a round table, the guest of honor is seated to the right of the host. The next in line to the left of the host.

The Start of the Meal

Hosting is an ongoing role throughout dinner, beginning with seating and inviting guests to enjoy the meal. The host will likely make a starting toast or speech.

Before eating, you will receive a hot towel. These are often in lieu of napkins and are for your face and hands. Another towel will come after the meal is over.

Do not start eating or drinking before the host and elders. They will also set the pace for eating.

Family Style Meals in China

Most meals in China are taken family style, which is a number of shared plates put centrally on a table. The tables are usually round. The host will do the ordering or a banquet-style meal will be provided by the restaurant. Meals will come in courses, so sample each plate rather than filling up early.

Often, there will be a rotating portion of the table, which is called a lazy Susan.

Minding the Lazy Susan

• If there is a lazy Susan, be careful to not hoard the good food by you or continue taking from those plates before they have circulated.
• Do not bump the lazy Susan while someone is serving themselves.
• Never take the last piece of food unless offered by the host. It is considered a show of greed.

Leave Food on Your Plate

• Leave a small portion of food on your plate at the end of each course.
• Each dish should have a portion left to assure the host that there was enough food and it was all pleasing.
• Fried rice or noodles is served as a final course. It is symbolically presented to show that the meal is ending. Do not eat this. This portion of food is simply to signal satisfaction.

Toothpicks are common between courses or at the end of a meal. Using a toothpick at the table is polite. However, use it with one hand and cover your mouth with the other. It’s never okay to put your hands in your mouth. Whenever you do something involving your mouth, cover it with your hand.

Travel Tips for Asia: What Not to do With Chopsticks

Chopsticks aren’t sticks. They are a real utensil. Treat them like you would a knife at a Western dinner table and you will likely do pretty well.

All food items, with the exception of soup, are eaten with chopsticks. There are a number of rules of etiquette for chopsticks. Look for a chopstick stand for a safe place to courteously rest your chopsticks when they are not in use.

Do not do any of the following with chopsticks:

• Fidget or twiddle
• Point or wave with chopsticks
• Stick chopsticks straight out of rice bowls
• Stir or stab food
• Lick chopsticks
• Pick through a shared plate for the pieces you want. Take from the plate in front of you and wait for the plates to come to you.
• Lay your chopsticks across each other in an x-pattern or leave them pointing directly at someone.
• In someone’s home, if serving utensils are not present, move items into your bowl with the non-eating ends of your chopsticks.

How to Handle Common Chinese Foods and Beverages

Food and beverages are highly ritualized in China. It is also a very different palate than Westerners are used to. Delicacies in China that are prepared special for honored guests may be off-putting. For example, blood, insects like scorpion, snake, and even dog meat may be offered as premium delicacies. Do not show disgust.

Manners suggest that you should at least try everything in China. 

Know how to politely handle dishes that may be different or difficult for foreigners.

Tea Service

Guests are not supposed to pour tea for themselves. Traditionally, whoever has the tea next to them is to pour tea for the table, beginning with the host.

If someone pours you tea, you can tap two fingers on the table to show appreciation or say thank you.

Fish and Bones

• Fish will be served head-on with the mouth facing the guest of honor.
• Do not turn the fish over. Allow the host or server to debone before partaking.
• Spitting bones onto the plate is more acceptable than removing them from your mouth with your hands or chopsticks.

Heads-On

Many dishes will have identifiable body parts or the heads left on, such as whole duck. You are not required to eat the head.

Rice

• Hold the bowl to your mouth and scoop rice into your mouth.

Understanding Tea at Business Meetings

Tea will be served. Wait for the most-senior person to start sipping. That person sipping shows the meeting is going well or continuing. When this person stops drinking tea, it may be a signal that the meeting is ended.

Drinking Etiquette and Business in China

You will be expected to go to drinks with business counterparts. You should say yes, but expect that you may be tested. Try not to schedule much for the next day. The Chinese are not inclined towards softer alcohols like wine or beer.

Women are the exception to the drinking culture. Traditionally, women do not drink in public—even at meals.

If you do not want to drink, give a medical reason.

Drinking Etiquette at Dinner

Alcoholic beverages are not usually had before a meal. When it is, beer is usually poured from shared bottles and drinking is done family style.

• Only have alcohol if others are partaking.
• Wait for a toast to be given and the host to drink before drinking yourself.
• Never pour your own drink.
• Unlike the Japanese and Koreans, tipsiness is unacceptable in China. If you have had enough, smile and abstain from drinking.

Paying the Bill for Meals or Drinks

• It’s a matter of honor to pay the bill. Bills are not split in China.
• It is a good show and helps protect and bolster the honor of the people involved to argue to pay the bill or reach for the bill. The host will likely refuse, but this is a customary show of not aiming for a free meal.

Tipping Etiquette

Tipping is considered rude, insinuating the person who is being tipped hasn’t enough money.

Dining in Someone’s Home

It is rare to be invited to someone’s home. Entertaining is usually done in public. If you are invited to someone’s home, it is a great honor. If you cannot make it, give a detailed and good reason.

When invited to someone’s home, be sure to:

• Arrive punctually, much as you would for a business meeting.
• Bring a small gift for the hostess.
• Take your shoes off when arriving. (Be prepared.)
• Follow good table manners and eat well to show appreciation.

Dining rituals are fundamental in Japan. While there for business, you may have occasion to eat or take tea with someone. Sushi is very popular in the United States, but as much as you may like it you are likely eating it wrong. That’s not a big deal in the States, but it may reflect poorly on you in Japan. How to eat sushi the right way may surprise you. Did you know you aren’t supposed to use chopsticks to eat sushi, but you do with soup?

Follow these tips on Japanese dining etiquette to make the best impression:

At the Start of the Meal

O-shibori occurs at the start of the meal. Before touching anything, a warm towel is provided to wipe your hands. Unlike in China, this is not okay to use on your face. In homes or places without the warm towel, you are expected to wash your hands just prior.

Customary phrases are part of Japanese dining etiquette. Wait until the guest of honor, host, or server makes a gesture to begin, usually one expressing gratitude. At the beginning, you say “itadaki-masu”. This means “I humbly receive” and is part of showing appreciation. At the end of the meal, you say “gochisou-sama” or “gochisosama deshita” to say thank you.

How to Use Chopsticks the Right Way

Using chopsticks has unique etiquette, called o-hashi. You can easily seem coarse or insult fellow diners without knowing. Be sure not to point, wave, or gesture with chopsticks. Do not lick chopsticks. When you are using chopsticks, be careful not to rub them together. That intimates that the chopsticks are cheap.

Meals usually involve conversation, but it’s rude to talk while holding your chopsticks. Put down your chopsticks while talking.

O-hashi, or Chopstick Etiquette

• For paper-wrapped chopsticks, provided there is no chopstick rest: remove the wrapper and lay chopsticks to the right of your bowl or plate. The connected portion should be at the top of your plate. Fold your wrapper horizontally and knot it. This knot can be placed at the two-o’clock position. Use this to rest the food-touching part of your chopsticks when not in use.
• Only once you have created a rest should you break wooden chopsticks apart over your lap, not the plate. You should only rub wooden chopsticks together.
• If there is a serving set of chopsticks, use those and not your own to serve.
• If there is no serving set of chopsticks, use the back end of your chopsticks to serve.
• Use chopsticks for all food—even difficult food—except sushi.
• Do not pass food with chopsticks, which happens at funeral rituals.
• Do not pull bowls or plates with your chopsticks.
• Avoid sticking your chopsticks straight up from your rice. This is an Asian wide way of offering rice to the dead.
• Never point or gesture with chopsticks.
• Never cross chopsticks in an x-pattern or separate them on opposing sides of the plate. If no rest is available, lay them next to each other north-to-south on the right side of the plate.

Sitting on a Traditional Tatami Mat or Zabuton Pillow

Eating out in Japan, you may come across mats or pillows placed on a raised floor instead of chairs. Be prepared to remove your shoes and sit correctly. That means clean socks with no holes or well-cared for feet.

• You will be expected to remove your shoes.
• After removing your shoes, step immediately up to the mat to avoid getting dirt on the clean dining area.
• Once you have stepped into the mat area, or tatami room, bow to the guests without talking or hand shaking.
• Take your seat as directed.
• Sit on your heels.
• If the host allows you to make yourself “comfortable” you may move into a cross-legged position if you are a man. If you are a woman, you have been invited to sit with your legs tucked to one side. Do not spread legs in front of your body.

Wait to be seated. There is a seat of honor in Japanese culture called the kamiza. This is usually farthest from the entrance.

Tea and Drinks

When you are greeted, even in business, tea will often be served. Do not drink the tea right away. Wait for the host to begin drinking tea first. Take sips from the tea. Avoid finishing it too quickly.

You may be presented special small cakes at a tea service. Hold the plate to your chest with one hand. Do not get crumbs anywhere but the plate.

There are very specific rituals for tea ceremonies. If you are invited to one, research the proper etiquette. You will be expected to drink and bow in specific order.

If out for drinks or if drinks are served with dinner, be mindful of your company. Wait for everyone to have a full glass and raise a toast before drinking. The toast will be “Kanpai.”

Sake is served cold or hot. Unfiltered sake is creamier in appearance and a little sweeter. If the sake is served in a box on a plate, it will likely be overpoured so there is spill. This is to show abundance. Leave the sake on the plate. Do not drink it.

Never pour your own beverage. When pouring a drink, the bottle should always be poured forward. Pouring backward is considered an insult. Watch others to get the technique down.

Yes, karaoke bars are popular even with the most serious of people. If you are invited, you will be expected to sing. Don’t worry if you have a bad voice.

Holding a Bowl

It’s okay to slurp, especially when eating udon or soup. However, it is not okay to spill everywhere. If eating from small bowls, it’s okay to bring the bowl to your mouth or chest rather than spill. Crumbs are a no-no.

Leave a Little

Leaving a little of each item shows that there was enough food. No clean plate clubs here.

However, do not leave shells in the bowl they were served in. If you have a dish with shells, like clams, put the emptied shells onto a separate plate or the lid of the bowl.

How to Eat Sushi

You have likely been eating sushi wrong. Sushi is different than maki or sashimi. Maki is the rolls that are cut. Sahsimi is the raw fish without the rice. You can use chopsticks for both of those, but not sushi.

• Avoid putting a lot of soy sauce in your dipping bowl. You should only have a trace left when done.
• Do not put wasabi onto the fish, but mix it without spilling into the soy sauce.
• Use your fingers to pick up sushi, not your chopsticks.
• Gently touch the fish side of your sushi to the soy sauce rather than dipping the rice.
• Avoid leaving rice floating in the bowl.
• All sushi or maki should be eaten in one, single bite. Do not bite pieces in half.

Soup, Noodles, and Rice

It’s normal to slurp when eating noodles. The Japanese believe that inhaling air while eating noodles brings out the full taste.

To consume soup:

• Eat all solid pieces with chopsticks, holding the bowl close to your mouth to help scoop items into your mouth.
• Once the solids are eaten, put the chopsticks aside. Sip broth from the bowl, holding it with both hands.

Rice is eaten like soup, held to the mouth and scooped from the bowl. You can eat the rice after the main course as its own dedicated course. Alternately, you can hold a bit of the main course over the bowl (held to your chest). Take a bite of the main dish and then put a bite of rice into your mouth quickly after.

Paying for a Meal

Take and give things, like money, with both hands. The bill is generally paid in its entirety by the person who invites the rest to dinner. Tipping is considered rude, so do not leave money in addition to the bill. Now you know how to eat sushi and most of what you’ll need for your next trip to Japan.

Sweden is a modern Scandinavian country with about 85% of the population living in urban areas. As a member of the European Union, it is an easy country to navigate provided you have your passport in order. About one-fifth of its population is foreign born, so the Swedish are used to outsiders. Nonetheless, the primary language is Swedish. While there are a number of English speakers, it’s not even one of their six official languages. Doing business in Sweden requires you understand a few things about Swedish culture. The Swedish are deeply invested in what they consider important.

Swedish Culture: No Nonsense When It Comes to Nature

It may be a constitutional monarchy, but Sweden’s natural landscape is decidedly public. It has over 24,000 little islands and a ton of nature, which the Swedish cherish. That means:

DO NOT LITTER

You shouldn’t litter anywhere, but it is especially rude to this environmentally friendly nation. Generally, you want to show respect for the environment when there. The Swedish are highly invested in eliminating waste. They don’t like disposable plastic bottles or being unconscientious. Recycling is serious. And, they take great pride in Sweden’s natural resources and outdoor recreation.

Inclusive Politically and Socially

Swedish culture is rooted in liberal values, including strong protections against discrimination and for civil rights, public access, and freedoms of expression. They are a leader in gender equality.

The third largest foreign-born population in Sweden is Syrian and the fourth is Iraqi. The Swedish are very inclusive and socially conscientious. They have some of the most comparatively liberal beliefs. If you have personally held beliefs that conflict with these ideas, it is unwise to discuss or show negative feelings.

In general, the Swedes do not appreciate political debates — particularly with foreigners. Complaining is also considered extremely insulting and uncouth.

Mind Your Personal Space

The Swedish are notoriously into having their “space.” It’s a concept familiar to most Californians, but not everyone in the United States or elsewhere. Mind not to stand too close or hover around people.

Swedes are not touchy. A handshake is sufficient and not sustained. Do not hug, pat, or touch people.

Speak, Dress, and Act Like a Stoic

Since the Vikings, Swedish culture has been marked by Calvinism, Lutheran Orthodoxy, and an overall coming and going of some rather sober philosophies. In keeping, the Swedish tend to be subdued and stoical. To blend in while doing business:

• Do not engage in idle chit-chat.
• Avoid flashy dress.
• Maintain eye contact and sincerity.
• Be conservative with complimenting or prying into someone’s personal life.
• Keep makeup and jewelry minimal.
• Don’t show off or be superficial.
• Try not to be loud or draw attention to yourself.
• Avoid talking loudly or big gestures.

Enjoy the silence. For the Swedish, the idea of an uncomfortable silence does not exist. Conversation for the sake of itself is not a problem.

Do not brag. Swedish culture is famous for jantelagen, or downplaying individual accomplishment. The commonly held cultural value is epitomized by ten rules, called the Law of Jante or the Jante’s Shield:

• You’re not to think you are anything special.
• You’re not to think you are as good as we are.
• You’re not to think you are smarter than we are.
• You’re not to imagine yourself better than we are.
• You’re not to think you know more than we do.
• You’re not to think you are more important that we are.
• You’re not to think you are good at anything.
• You’re not to laugh at us.
• You’re not to think anyone cares about you. 
• You’re not to think you can teach us anything.

These laws come from a fictional novel written by Aksel Sandemose in 1933. Sandemose’s satire addressed the collectivist attitude of the Scandinavians.

Democratic Values are the Norm in Swedish Culture

Whether at work or out and about, Swedish culture is very democratic. The monarchy exists pretty much in title only. Titles and hierarchies do not impress the Swedes. When doing business in Sweden, pay respect to everyone. Everyone is given a voice. In fact, the four fundamental laws that structure their government and Swedish culture are:

• The Institute of Government
• The Act of Succession
• The Freedom of the Press Act
• The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression

Because of the flat business structure, business decisions and deals often fall to more junior employees than elsewhere. It’s always wise to be polite to everyone in Sweden.

Work-Life Balance

The Swedish do not live to work, instead they prioritize time with loved ones. They are unlikely to give up personal time or take meetings that conflict with normal work hours or expectations.

Breaks and meals, including fika, are not worked through.

Down to Business

Much as the Swedes do not like small talk, they are always ready to talk business. Unlike other countries that may require socialization and the establishment of a personal relationship before bringing up business, Swedish culture is very no-nonsense. Business lunches and meetings are about business.

For meetings, this no-nonsense approach also means they will be more interested in well-articulated facts and figures than flashy pitches.

Swedish businesspeople will avoid conflict.

Always put things in writing. Verbal agreements and phone calls are not considered sufficient.

Coffee Breaks: Fika for Life

Caffeine powers Swedish culture. They are one of the top three world coffee consumers. Called Fika, getting coffee (or a coffee break) is fundamental in Swedish culture. It’s often used as a social time to chat and have a sweet with friends.

Coffee is serious in Sweden, too, often serving as informal business meetings. If you are asked to coffee, this is a great opportunity to get some business done.

Business Meetings

At a lunch or dinner, the most important guest sits to the right of the host.

Punctuality is also very important to the Swedes. If you are running late, be sure to call and let them know. However, it’s best to be early. They likely will be. Punctuality also extends to the end of meetings, which is promptly done at the agreed meeting end time. They will indicate this by beginning to pack up at the predetermined time.

Note that when scheduling a meeting, you should aim for:

• Meetings between 10am and 2pm.
• Scheduling enough time to complete everything on your agenda.
• Avoiding the holiday months of July, August, and February (people are gone).

Handshakes are brief and strong. They start and conclude meetings.

Titles are not important. Even in important business, it’s perfectly fine to be on a first name basis. This does not require special permission from whomever you are addressing.

Dressing business casual is the norm in Sweden. It’s not quite denim and tee shirts. But it’s also not common to wear a suit. If you have questions about dress code for any event, asking will be welcome.

Because everyone is valued, the mood of workplaces is more relaxed than many places. It’s a mistake to confuse this light mood for being too slack. Maintain a friendly but efficient approach to work and business counterparts. Do not show disrespect by chewing gum, slouching, or being too casual.

Doing business in Russia comes with its own logistical hoops, like obtaining a visa from the Russian embassy or consulate. The cultural challenges are also complex. Across the nation, the giganticness of Russia shows in the cultural diversity. There are over 100 minority languages. While most of the country is Russian Orthodox, about 75%, there is also Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, and other Christian churches. Luckily there are certain consistent business etiquette rules that will help you do business in Russia.

Language Barriers

Many Russians in the metropolitan areas speak English well enough to consider it a second language. However, it is wise to bring an interpreter along to important meetings.

Etiquette Rules for Visiting the Home

Taking off your shoes and coat is expected when entering someone’s home. Some people provide slippers for guests, but not all do. Be aware to have clean, well-cared-for feet.

Bring a small gift or flowers for the host. If bringing flowers, select an odd number and veer away from yellow. Even numbers are for funerals. Yellow flowers in the house are bad luck.

In business or home visits be careful not to compliment or take too much note of items. The host or hostess may feel obligated to gift that item to you.

Business Relationships in Post-USSR Russia

Corruption is notorious in Russia and business does not always play by the rules. Because of that, the strength of relationships is of heightened importance. Socializing will be part of business dealings. This is part of what takes extra time around business dealings.

Go straight to the top whenever possible. Russian businesses are often hierarchical. Enforcing unpopular clauses is frequently useless without proper backing. Often, large decisions and business are dependent on one central, top-level person. Garnering their support is key.

Entertaining is an important part of Russian business relationships. While doing business in Russia can seem slow, no business will happen without investing the time in people.

Dining Etiquette in Russia

Unlike the US, the knife is held in the right hand and the fork in the left. Do not put these down while eating.

Polite dining etiquette also means resting your wrists or elbows on the edge of the table. Your hands should always be in sight. Do not put them under the table.

Business by Age and Rank

Older Russians tend to be much more conservative and traditional than younger Russians. When working with older Russians, they will prefer to do business in groups. Younger Russians, who did not grow up under communism, tend to be more individualistic.

Regardless of who you are doing business with, rank and age are very important to Russians. You should have an appropriately matched businessperson to negotiate with their counterpart.

When addressing people, be sure to have their title correct and use formal language. Do not use informal language or attempt to be funny. Misunderstandings can be unforgivable and can destroy business. If you are unsure the titles of people, check with someone ahead of time.

Businesswomen in Russia

Russia may be a major global player, but it is not in the 21^st Century of gender equality. While things are slowly changing, understand that women are still largely excluded from upper tier jobs. Due to their conservative views, most businessmen are more comfortable dealing with other men.

Socializing is often not a mixed-gender event, particularly with older Russians.

Be Informed About Russia

Russians are very proud, veering on nationalistic. Learn about Russian history, culture, and geography before arriving. Be careful to avoid controversial topics, such as communism, or any judgmentalism.

Russian Business Meeting Etiquette

Russian business meetings are to be taken seriously. Larger meetings are not places for debate or challenges to authority. They are strictly informational. Small, closed-door meetings are usually the only space for subordinates or counterparts to voice differences.

Schedule Ahead

Bureaucracy can be thick in Russia. Especially when meeting with officials, book all meetings at least 6 weeks ahead. Call a few days beforehand to confirm.

Meetings run long in Russia. Often, meetings are paired with lunch. Socially knowing your business counterparts is commonplace.

Try and avoid morning meetings. Russians tend to start later than Westerners.

Business Attire is Formal and Conservative

Dressing in traditional, formal business attire is standard in Russia. Men should wear suits. Women should wear skirts that are not too short or revealing. Make sure that shoes are polished and not scuffed. Keep hair well-groomed.

Showing your position in how you dress is well-received in Russia. You have to look important to be important. Dress smart. Wearing your nicer jewelry or watches can help get respect.

Punctually Patient

You will want to be on time to show respect. However, patience is highly valued in Russian business and frequently tested. You may have to wait on your business counterpart.

Handshakes are common greetings. However, it is bad luck to shake hands by a doorway. This can be taken very offensively.

Business Card Etiquette and Materials in Russia

Having an interpreter is essential to business dealings in Russia. All materials should be provided in both Russian and English.

Business cards should:

• Be in Russian on one side and English on the other.
• List any degrees or certifications.

Protokol is a summary that concludes every meeting. In the protokol, an outline of the meeting’s content is drafted and signed by all parties.

Conduct

You will be expected to arrive prepared to outline (written accompaniment helps) and detail your company and its proposed advantages over alternative businesspeople. Make sure this is available in Russian.

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is considered more trustworthy than the written word. Be sure to follow any agreements or written communications with a verbal repeat and confirmation.

You should also prepare for silence. There are often long pauses before responses. Do not interrupt.

Somewhat ironically, once a business conversation is over, like on the phone, Russians may hang up abruptly. This is not rudely intended, but simply that they do not engage in small talk in business.

Another uniquely Russian habit is taking cell phone calls at unusual times. For example, they may take a call in the middle of a meeting or dinner.

Negotiations

Once you have an appropriately matched counterpart to head negotiations, business negotiation can start. While negotiating is standard, it’s also tricky. Russians value strength, so they will not compromise. Instead, they will wait for you to make concessions. Have patience. There is a lot of bravado that comes with Russian business negotiations. For example, it’s not uncommon for people to walk out of meetings. (They do come back.)

Tips for negotiating:

• Remain patient and wait.
• Do not let your business counterparts know about deadlines or pressures they can use as leverage.
• Be prepared for walk-outs or last-minute cancellations (these are tactics).
• Do not push your Russian counterparts.

The stereotype of the rude Frenchman is only one side of a larger cultural misunderstanding. To the French, the rude American is a known stereotype. Understanding the cultural clash is important to successfully navigate French business etiquette.

French business etiquette has its own graces. While things may start with a customary aloofness, once the French establish a rapport they are warm and friendly.

French Values: From Revolution to Public Parks

From 1789 to 1799, the French Revolution tore down the reigning monarchy, aristocracy, and institutions in the name of democracy and social justice. Rather than leveling the cultural and economic boons of the aristocrats, privilege was democratized and culturally distributed—from education to museum visits. The ethics of socialized democracy are widespread throughout the country.

The French take pride in their landscape, history, and civic beautification. The luxuries once hoarded by the aristocrats became public. They value their leisure time and spaces. Littering and vandalism are not commonplace. Most people are well-informed about culture and politics.

Personal Time is Personal

Culturally, the French work to live, not live to work. Whether it is a small shop, big chain, businessperson, or Versailles itself, they expect business hours to be business hours. Gates and shops will close punctually. The French value personal time.

Work-life balance is a matter of social justice in France. The government will fine businesses for having their personnel answer email or phone calls after hours. Working late is not looked upon favorably.

Service, Not Servants

Everyone is important in France. In a restaurant, shop, market, or boutique actively greeting the keeper and staff is expected. Simply say, “Bonjour, Madame” for women and “Bonjour, Monsieur” when addressing men.

Do not touch food items unless in a supermarket. Wait for help. Indicate your needs by pointing politely.

Always say thank you in French, or, “Merci” (pronounced mare-see).

Closed Hours

Note that in addition to posted hours, many businesses close from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm.

Many businesses also close on Sunday. This is especially true outside of places like Paris, Lyon, or other major destinations. In some places in rural France, the train service will not run on the weekend.

Avoid business during July and August if possible. Holiday means a number of people are away and much business is stopped.

Public holidays also shut down commercial activity.

Avoid Being Too American

The French are often put-off and can seem rude in response to grating behavior, preferring not to deal with it. This can explain French aloofness. Showing respect for French culture will relax this tension.

Here are some tips for blending in French culture:

Dress Well—Everywhere

The French are well presented, well groomed, and conscientious about their appearance. Sweatshirts and tennis shoes are bound to make you look like a tourist, which the French consider a nuisance. Avoid sweatpants, athletic gear, sloppy dressing, or being too casual.

Culture, Culture, Culture. Not for Tourists.

The French consider public space a privilege and honor. Part of the distaste for tourists is that France is a serious tourist destination, but it is also their home. The French lifestyle overlaps tourist migratory patterns. Children’s birthday parties happen at Rodin’s backyard museum. Leisure time is spent in public parks, having discussions and picnics. Coarse, loud, or indelicate behavior in public is considered an affront. Only, you may not realize you are breaking the public aesthetic.

Use Inside Voices

The French speak more softly than Americans. In fact, the loudness of American talk is not only considered rude, but cartoonish. Ending sentences like questions (when they aren’t), speaking brashly, and not minding shared social space are considered distasteful.

Take Your Time

Do not wave down, yell at, or rush staff or other people. The French are not tip-based and culturally enjoy leisurely meals and coffee breaks. They are being polite by giving you time. You are being impolite rushing them. In keeping, schedule plenty of time for meals.

One exception is that you will have to ask for your bill. For a waiter to leave a bill on a table is akin to asking you to leave—which they will not do. Allowing people to linger with a single espresso or a full meal is considerate.

Send Thank You Cards, Snail Mail

Send thank you cards to hosts and hostesses the day following any event in someone’s home. Notes should be handwritten.

Fruit baskets or flowers are also appreciated. Avoid Chrysanthemums as they are funerary. If sending flowers, always send odd number bouquets, but avoid bunches of 7 or 13.

French Business Etiquette: Social Graces and Greetings

The lines between business and personal relationships are less formal in France. When meeting, men greet each other with a handshake. However, air kisses are common greetings. Let your French counterpart lead.

Always say hello to everyone when greeting. It may take a while, but it is rude not to greet the whole party.

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is considered friendly.

Guidelines for French Business Meetings

• Schedule meetings at least two weeks in advance, confirming the day before.
• Be on time.
• Be well dressed.
• Greet and say goodbye to everyone.
• Introduce yourself with your first and last name.
• Uses formal addresses with surnames until invited to use first names.
• Be prepared to start and end meetings with small talk.
• Never rush negotiations or meetings.
• Expect business conversation, but not decisions.
• Prepare for polite, direct answers. (Also, do not be surprised by interruptions.)

What are Bises? Are There Really Business Kisses?

Light kisses on the cheek, called bises, are a common greeting in France. These are more often a light touching of cheeks accompanied by air kisses.

Depending on the region, there are two or four kisses alternating cheeks. (Follow the French lead.) Greetings are determined by gender and familiarity:

• Women greet women with bises most commonly.
• Men greet men with a firm handshake.
• Women greet men with a handshake upon first meeting. Traditionally, the woman offers her hand first. After some familiarity, bises take the place of a handshake.

Personal Space

As you may guess from the air kisses, people are more comfortable with closeness in France. After some familiarity, the French touch to show friendliness. The normal conversational distance is just inside arm’s length.

Be on Time for Business — Even in Case of Strike

While people take their time for meals and leisure, it is important to be on time for business meetings. That can be challenging if there are transportation strikes, which are not uncommon. Plan on staying in a walkable distance to your meetings.

French Business Attire

French business attire is formal and as close to couture as you can afford. Even lower level employees dress up for work. Being well-groomed and meticulous will gain you respect—and show that you respect the time and company afforded you. The way you dress is a show of social status, which will contribute to the way you are received.

For suits and business clothing: 

• Fitted or tailored clothing is preferable, not loose or sloppy.
• Ties should not be loose.
• Shoes should be stylish, quality, and polished.
• Clothing should be tasteful, not lewd.
• Business suits should be dark in the winter or conservative in color.
• Accessorize, especially with women’s makeup and jewelry. Makeup is standard and expected, but should not be caked on. Skincare is highly valued, so showing good skin is optimal.
• Avoid blue dress shirts. This is a military recruit’s uniform color.
• Do not remove jackets unless someone else has.

English in France

The French do not hold English as the world language. Though many speak some English, they are often hesitant to speak it. Some are more inclined to speak Spanish or Italian, which are more similar linguistically to French.

Learn a few lines of French to help you get around. Major cities will likely have someone nearby who speaks some English. Learning French can be difficult. It is not phonetic; many of the syllables are silent. Try to address them politely in French nevertheless. They will appreciate the effort.

Here are a few small phrases to help:

• Hello – Bonjour
  (bone-zhour or bone-jewr)
• Pardon me, do you speak English? – Pardonnez-moi, parlez-vous anglais?
  (par-doan-eh-moo-ah, par-lay-voo an-glaze)
• I am sorry. I do not speak French. – Je suis désolé. Je ne parle pas français.
  (Zhe sue-ease deh-sole-ay. Zhe nay par-le pah fran-saiz)
• Thank you. – Merci 
  (Mare-sea)
• Please. – S’il vous plait
  (Sea voo play)
• Goodbye – Au revoir
  (Ah rev-wahr)

When doing business in France, you will benefit from having a translator.

French Gestures

The French speak with their whole body. Gestures are part of that. They won’t mind if you speak with hand gestures.

However, avoid smacking a closed fist into an open palm; it is a rude gesture. In fact, sticking a fist up can look similarly offensive.

If someone puts a finger up to their eye and pulls down a lid, it means they do not believe you. If someone pinches their fingers up and together, it indicates fear or apprehension.

French Dining Etiquette

The French take dining very seriously. To observe French business etiquette, expect meal invitations, but do not talk business until dessert. It’s a good idea to wait for the French associates to broach the conversation.

Meals are leisurely. The French work hard for allotted hours but enjoy leisurely lunches. Scheduled lunches start between 12:30 and 1:00 pm and usually run until 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm. Plan accordingly.

Dinners are later throughout Europe than they are in the states. In France, expect dinners to start between 8:30 pm and 11 pm and run long.

Wait to be directed to your seat. When there are more than four people, the most senior will frequently take the head of the table.

Keep Your Hands in Sight

It is impolite to have your hands out of view at a table. Make sure that your hands or elbows are on the table, in view of company.

Bread Service

Bread baskets are different in France. They are not meant to be gorged upon prior to the meal. Instead, save bread to eat with your meal. Do so by tearing small pieces off. Do not tear it off with your teeth.

Bread plates are not often used. Put bread on the table next to your plate. (Also, hold the butter unless provided.)

Eat Continental Style, Not Passing the Fork

The French eat with traditional continental manners. They do not pass the fork back and forth left to right. Remember that crossing your utensils signals a break from eating. Lying them the same direction (up and away) diagonally on the plate signals being done.

How to Eat in the Continental Dining Style:

• Place the napkin on your lap upon sitting.
• If you rise from the table, put your napkin on the chair.
• Keep your fork in your left hand with the tines downward.
• Use the right hand to hold the knife.
• If you put down your utensils, put both down. Cross the fork and knife in the center of the plate. The tines should point down.

• At the end of a meal, the napkin is put on the table to the left of your setting.
• To show you are finished eating, put the fork and knife on the plate, pointing up and away from you in the same direction.

Salad is for After the Main Course

Salads are served alongside or after the meal to be eaten as a palate cleanser. After salad will frequently come the dessert or cheese plate.

Finish Your Food

Food is art in France. It is a matter of cultural pride.

Servings are not meant to be overwhelming (though they are rich). Order what you can comfortably eat. Plates will be designed for the course. So, it is I unlikely that an appetizer and main will be too much. As a result, leaving food on your plate is considered an affront to the chef. It suggests that something was wrong with the meal. Similarly, asking for a to-go box is rude. It shows disrespect for the freshness of a meal.

Wine Etiquette

The only acceptable beverages with food are water and wine. No soda. No coffee. No tea. They will serve it to you, but it will seem uncouth.

Wine is served with most meals. However, if invited to someone’s home opt to bring a lovely box of gourmet chocolates or macarons. It may seem counterintuitive, but do not bring wine when invited for a meal. The host may take it as a suggestion that you do not trust their wine knowledge. Additionally, they will likely have chosen wine to compliment the meal. You may, as an exception, bring high-quality imported spirit or liqueur.

Another rule of thumb is to allow the host to pour the wine. They will monitor the level of wine for the tone.

Bringing Flowers to Dinner

If you would like to bring the host flowers, it is polite to send them ahead of arriving to dinner. This way the host has time to arrange the flowers and present them. Like thank-you flowers, you should avoid chrysanthemums, even numbers, and bunches of seven or 13.

“Sprichst du Deutsch?“ If you don’t speak German, business etiquette is still something you can master with a little foreknowledge. The following tips for doing business in Germany will help your business dealings go smoothly. Nonetheless, it’s always good to prepare yourself with an interpreter and a healthy appetite for schnitzel.

Being German: Manners Are a Matter of Character

Germans are renowned for running like clockwork. They take things seriously. Humor during business is not considered appropriate. They value precision, hard work, structure, and rules. They plan ahead and play by common guidelines. This means that high-risk, uncensored, spontaneous, cagey, or unpredictable behavior is not looked at favorably.

The German character may seem inflexible to Americans. For the Germans, these pragmatic, rule-abiding behaviors are considered courteous. It is actually the way Germans set reasonable, transparent expectations.

German Business Attire

Conservative business attire for both men and women is best in Germany. Business suits or ensembles, including skirts and blouses, are normal. Choose dark or medium colors. Avoid garish or flashy accessories.

Details matter in German business attire. Be sure your shoes are clean and polished. Keep hair, nails, and presentation detail-oriented and well-groomed.

German Business Etiquette and Communication

Honest and direct. Communication is something the Germans do without a lot of fluff, indirectness, or irony. So, you’ll be able to communicate without too many missteps.

Stay formal when addressing others. Use peoples‘ title and last name until given explicit permission to do otherwise. In Germany, men are addressed as Herr (pronounced Air) instead of Mr. Women are addressed at Frau (pronounced frow) instead of Ms. or Mrs.

For example, George Washington would be Herr Washington. Lady Gaga would be Frau Gaga.

Business cards are not given away as freely in Germany. Getting one is permission to have personal contact.

In-person communication in Germany:

• Shake hands to say hello and goodbye—to everyone. Keep it firm and brief.
• Use a person’s title and last name.
• Don’t be touchy.
• Be mindful of personal space.
• Maintain eye contact.
• Speak simply and to the point.
• Avoid small talk or personal topics.
• Be honest and avoid hard pitches.
• Show respect to all people, regardless of rank.

Rather than applauding — say after a presentation — Germans will rap their knuckles on the table gently.

Keep Things at Arm‘s Length

Personal space is commonplace in Germany. Keep an arm’s length between you and others in business and social settings. Touching is considered very intimate and reserved for close friends and family.

Personal space also counts for conversation. Stay away from personal questions or being invasive. Also, unless expressly asked to, do not call business associates at home or after hours.

Punctuality

Even the buses run on time in Germany, so blaming transportation — or anything for that matter — will not excuse lateness. The Germans are rarely more than a couple minutes late. And, usually, they are actually at least five minutes early. Always be on time. Agendas and schedules are strict in Germany. If you are late, apologize without making up excuses. You’ve committed a faux pas. Doubling down on impoliteness will not help.

Do not cancel! Planning a meeting ahead of time is important. Following through is even more critical.

Business Meetings and Negotiations in Germany

Things come from the top — and they tend to be correct to the smallest detail. Business in Germany is hierarchical. Do not expect decisions to be made instantaneously or at the conclusion of a meeting. Germans will want to dot all the I’s, cross all the t’s, and go through all the proper channels first.

Quality is crucial in Germany. Business negotiations and agreements will also depend on high-quality — down to the details. It’s important to be very thorough in all work product, contracts, and deals. Nothing will be agreed to until all details are in place. Nothing will change once those details are agreed upon. So, it’s better to take time (while punctually meeting deadlines) than to go forward haphazardly.

Waving Won’t Get You Anywhere

Waving your hand side-to-side means no in Germany. Instead, you can rake your fingers out and in with your palm down to call someone over.

Proper Manners Means Proper Gifts

It is appropriate to give a small gift at initial business meetings. Small gifts include souvenirs from your country. Gifts with your company logo are also appropriate.

Unlike many Asian countries, business gifts will be opened immediately. Be sure to have nice wrapping paper.

German Dining Etiquette

Entertaining, especially over a meal, means you are taking the business matters at hand seriously. So you will likely have a dining occasion. Formality is still expected.

Regardless of the business, whoever makes the dinner or lunch invitation will pay the entire bill. Do not offer to pay whole or part of the bill. It will be seen as rude, regardless of intent.

Continental Dining Manners

When dining with Germans, be especially mindful of proper manners. They eat continentally—with the fork in the left hand (tines down) and knife in the right hand throughout. Do not pass the fork back and forth between hands. Don’t set down your knife to use the fork alone. When taking a break in eating, cross your utensils on your plate with the tines down and points at 12 o’clock.

If you rise from the table prior to the meal ending, leave the napkin on your chair. If you finish, your utensils are put parallel across your plate with tines and point between 10 o’clock and 11 o’clock. Your napkin can then go to the left of your setting.

Dining manners:

• Wait for the host before eating or drinking.
• Maintain eye contact before and after toasts.
• Never use your fingers—even for fries.
• Place your napkin on your lap.
• Expect longer, more leisurely meals. Rushing service will be rude.
• The host pays for the bill.
• Service charges are included in the bill, however, you can include an extra 10% to the server if the service was particularly good. Hand this extra 10% directly to the server.

Relative to other South American countries it is expensive to do business in Colombia. Business in the major cities of Bogota and Cartagena is similar to the costs in American and European cities.

Business centers of Colombia are dedicated to creating a modern business environment. Business etiquette is globally minded, but still influenced by Colombian cultural norms. Most business is relegated to the cities. In these urban areas, those in the private sector are more sophisticated than in other regions. There is a resulting obvious class distinction between those who have access to education and business and others. Across all socioeconomic areas and regions, Colombians are hard working people with an obviously strong work ethic.

Due to political and social unrest, going outside of the major cities should be done cautiously.

Colombian Business Attire

Traditional business attire is normal in Colombia. The Colombians take pride in being put together and polished. Men should wear suits in dark, neutral colors. Women should wear the equivalent, including women’s suits and professional dresses. Be well groomed, always. Avoid being too casual.

Shoes are incredibly important. Do not underestimate them. It is never acceptable to wear tennis shoes outside of an athletic context. Dress shoes should be well cared for, keeping them polished and clean.

Women should avoid being overly flashy, though makeup and heels are the norm.

Daytime

Daytime business is more traditionally suit-and-tie. Daytime meetings—including working breakfasts and lunches, are popular. They occur in hotels and private clubs. Even outside of office environments, traditional business attire is status quo.

Evening Dinners

Evening dinners and cocktail receptions are commonplace. The attire will likely be more relaxed. If it is at a restaurant, it is wise to look up the restaurant online or ask a concierge about the dress code.

Language Barriers in Colombia

Spanish is spoken by nearly all Colombians. The exception is some minor indigenous groups that you are unlikely to come across. However, there are a great number of dialects based on the large number of cultural influences from the Caribbean, Europe, and South America.

Even if you studied Spanish, a translator will be helpful for any business-level discussion. Colombians are friendly and social. You can probably manage shops and tourist-friendly areas with a reasonable amount of Spanish. However, regional idioms and dialects can be challenging, especially when you’re involved in legal disputes.

Business Meals and Socializing in Colombia

Business is personal in Colombia. Most business will stop at some point if based on email, telephone, or video-conferencing.

People want to get to know and trust you before doing business. Face-to-face meetings are necessary for most business. Relationship building is the groundwork of any business in Colombia. Networking and socializing are essential parts of Colombian business culture. The importance of working meals rests on this cultural value. Most meals will last two to three hours.

They are invested in their guests having a good time. Do not rush into business talk. It won’t show the same interest in developing rapport.

Let your Colombian counterparts start the business discussion.

Dining and Entertaining at Home

If you are invited to someone’s home, it is appropriate to bring a small gift or flowers for the hostess. Avoid lilies or chrysanthemums since they’re funerary flowers.

Colombians value family above business associates. Family will always take priority. So, be sure to be on your best manners.

Colombian Dining Etiquette

Lunch is the most important meal of the day in Colombia. Breakfasts and dinners tend to be lighter. Be prepared for a large, slower meal. It is common to have business lunches, but they will feel more like dinner to a foreigner.

Colombians take manners very seriously. If you are male, use more traditional business manners towards women. For example, getting the door, standing at the table, and waiting to sit until after your company.

Do not eat with your hands. Stay with formal dining etiquette.

Always keep both hands in sight, but keep your elbows off the table. Resting your wrists or forearms on the table is appropriate.

The check is picked up by whoever gave the invitation.

Colombian Business Etiquette

Hierarchy

Business in Colombia is run traditionally with established hierarchies. Decisions will come from key senior employees. Those decision points will happen in-office, while meals are for creating personal relationships. Those relationships are critical to ongoing business and the decisions at hand.

Greetings

Smile freely. Greeting everyone with a smile is expected. You do not have to be somber to be serious in Colombia.

Small talk will likely come at the beginning and end of meetings. Trying to leave early or avoid chatting may be taken for rudeness.

Shake hands with everyone when joining or leaving a group.

Punctuality

Be on time — and relax. It is important to be on time to business meetings. That said, there is a 50-50 chance you’ll end up waiting up to 30 minutes.

Time works differently. Someone may say they will get to you tomorrow and not actually do so until the next week. Be patient and do not take this personally. Do not commit to anything dependent on those time commitments.

Business Meetings

Colombians have a closer talking distance than most Americans and Europeans. Despite this, they touch less frequently than the rest of South America.

• Shake everyone’s hand and smile. Colombian women may grip the forearm instead of hand.
• Allow socializing and personal conversation.
• Let the Colombian counterpart bring up the business at hand.
• If you have materials, which are advisable, be sure to have them translated into Spanish. Bring enough for all attendees. Printed materials go over well.

Follow all business meetings with a written memorandum or correspondence detailing the highlights and outcomes.

After sending the follow-up correspondence, it is best practice to follow-up in person. If it is impossible to follow-up in person, a phone call is the best alternative.

Cross-Cultural Business Communication

Maintain eye contact to leave a good impression, no matter what.

Colombians are not fond of confrontation and may be indirect. As business is based on personal relationships, business disagreements can be taken as a slight.

Agreements and contracts should be detailed and written.

If you are a woman doing business in Colombia, be aware that it is a highly male dominated country. Gender roles remain traditional.

Colombian Cultural Taboos

• Do not use an index finger to beacon someone. You can wave someone over with your palm down.
• Yawning is impolite.
• Do not put your feet up.
• Do not criticize Colombia or Colombian culture. The Colombians are very proud.
• Pointing with two fingers is an obscene gesture.

Be Safe: Crime and Safety in Colombia

Colombia has improved its public safety a great deal in recent years. Nonetheless, there is a sordid history of crime, especially relating to the cartels and illegal drug trade. Most notably, there have been kidnappings for ransom of prominent Colombians. However, as a tourist you may stand out as a mark for petty criminals, like pickpockets or thieves. Take extra precautions when travelling in Colombia.

• Whenever possible, take a reliable and established car service. Do not take personal cars offering discounted travel.
• Use the concierge at your hotel for a recommended driver or service.
• Avoid being alone in areas without a lot of pedestrian traffic.
• Choose travel groups or tours for larger excursions, particularly those out of town.
• Take air travel between cities.

The Colombians are friendly, so ask colleagues and contacts for any advice on safe destinations, travel, and accommodations.

Planet Depos is an international court reporter agency. Request access to the Planet Depos International Deposition Guide to learn more about preparing for a deposition in Colombia.

Finland is Nordic, not Scandinavian. A largely Lutheran and Orthodox country, Finnish culture is more reserved compared to other cultures. Even the pace of speaking is unhurried. Interrupting people is impolite. They are a culture that appreciates long silences and avid listening. Business Etiquette in Finland can best be navigated by respecting their larger cultural values.

Finnish Culture: A Modest Distance

The Finns are a conservative, private people who expect a high level of privacy. Their reserved character is part of their values and is considered courteous. You will find public places, particularly public transportation, quiet. They hold personal space valuable. Eye contact is respectful; touching and hugging is impolite. While they do not talk to strangers, they are hospitable and likely to help if you require it.

Yes, it is impolite to speak to people in lines or on public transportation. Try not to take this as rude. It is part of the Finnish laconic modesty and shy humility.

It may be unintuitive to many Americans, but getting noticed in Finland is inappropriate. Avoid being loud or calling attention to yourself.

Finnish Social Values

Despite being very proper, the Finns are highly egalitarian and socially liberal. Women and men are considered equal. Reading and keeping abreast of world affairs is common in Finland. However, those topics are reserved for established relationships. Let the Finnish introduce these sorts of topics. Respect their private lives and avoid topics that are personal. And no matter what, be on time!

Tips for Doing Business in Finland

Business is business to the Finns—and it is formal. They Finnish are pragmatic and down-to-business. They do not see transactional business as poor behavior. They avoid small talk and do not socialize as a regular part of business. In the same vein, anything that can be done without face-to-face meetings will be. Email is sufficient.

When presenting any business proposal, stay minimal. Bells and whistles, flashy features, and hard pitches are off-putting. The Finns expect that your proposal will cover the details. It should be clear and complete. A lot of questions from business counterparts at the end of a proposal or presentation means the presentation is incomplete.

The Managing Director is usually in charge of making the final business decisions.

Finnish Business Attire

Finnish business attire is stylish and conservative. Wear suits or the equivalent, well fitted or tailored. Be well-groomed.

Do not take off your suit jacket unless the host does first — even during meals.

Business Meetings in Finland

Impromptu events are not part of Finnish business culture. If you need to meet with someone, schedule a formal appointment at least two weeks ahead.

The Finns take holiday from June through August, so it is best to avoid business trips during this time.

Guidelines for Business Meetings in Finland:

• Schedule meetings ahead of time.
• Have a clear meeting agenda and participant biographies.
  Optionally, email bios ahead of time.
• Have copies of any materials for everyone.
• Arrive early or, at worst, on time.
• Greet everyone with a firm handshake, eye contact, and a smile.
• Repeat your first and last name as you shake hands.

Timing is to the Minute

Time management is the clockwork of business. Finnish business is punctual and efficient. They like to fit as much into a workday as possible — without frivolity. The exception to that is post-meal business discussion. Leave an hour or two in your schedule for potential conversation.

If you are going to be even five minutes late, telephone immediately.

Business Etiquette and Communication in Finland

Business Etiquette in Finland allows directness. People are direct communicators, even though they do not speak a great deal. What they do say carries a lot of weight. They favor honesty. Business differences are not considered personal attacks. They are nevertheless hospitably formal and polite. That is not the same as deferential in Finland.

Everything you say will be taken seriously in Finnish business culture. Your word is your bond. All verbal or informal agreements will be taken at face value. So, mind what you say and say what you mean.

The primary languages in Finland are Finnish and Swedish. Moreover, the reserved nature of the Finns may make novice English speakers uncomfortable. Offer your business counterparts a translator. They will let you know if it is unneeded.

Personal Names

The Finns do not use names very often and are understanding if you forget a name. Nonetheless, do not assume a first name basis until established. This will happen fairly quickly. Prior to being invited to use first names, try and use their title if known. However, using Mr., Mrs., or Miss is acceptable.

The older or more senior person is the first to open the relationship to a first name basis. If you are equals, it is the woman who is expected to invite the familiarity in a male-female situation.

Do Not Interrupt, Even When It’s Silent

There may be long periods of silence lasting up to three minutes. Do not interrupt. All interruption is considered highly uncouth.

Visiting a Finnish Home

If invited to someone’s home, you can bring wine, chocolates, or flowers for the host. Avoid white or yellow flowers, which are funerary colors. Choose an odd number of flowers for the bouquet, avoiding seven or 13. Do not bring a potted plant.

Mind your socks. You will be expected to remove your shoes before entering the home.

Cake — and lots of it. If you are invited for cake or coffee, there will likely be a number of desserts to sample. Keep a good appetite.

General rules of a home visit:

• Offer to bring a dish ahead of time.
• Bring a small gift for the host.
• Remove your outdoor shoes before entering the home.
• Offer to help with pre-meal preparations and post-meal clearing and cleaning.
• Say thank you before leaving the table.

If you are seated next to the hostess, this is the guest of honor’s seat. You are expected to say a few words of thanks after the meal.

Finnish Business Etiquette for Meals

Business is happily discussed at lunch. However, business is not discussed over dinner. If business comes up at all, it will be after the meal. Allow your host to prompt any business discussion.

Allow an hour or two after business meals for potential conversation.

Regardless of gender, the person who gives the invitation pays.

Finnish Dining Etiquette

• Wait to be told where to sit.
• Continental style dining (not switching fork hands) is normal.
• Keep hands in sight. You can rest your wrists on the edge of the table (not your elbows).
• Passing the salt and pepper means putting the shakers within reach, not in someone’s hand.
• Do not eat before the host.
• Do not eat with your hands unless it is shrimp or bread. Even fruit and fries are eaten with utensils.
• Always accept offers for second helpings and finish everything on your plate to avoid wastefulness.
• To show that you are finished eating, place utensils across your plate. The tines should be faced down. The handles should be at 3 o’clock. The eating side should be at 9 o’clock.
• Meals are often finished with coffee, cognac, and/or dessert. It is rude to leave before this course is finished.

Finland is Famous for Saunas

There are a great many saunas in Finland, which are frequently part of socializing—and sometimes business. (1.5 million saunas for a country of 5 million people.) Do not turn down a trip to the sauna. It is part of Finnish culture. Amazingly, it is also one of the topics Finns can talk about and hear praise about endlessly.

Long term relationships are valued in Finnish business. Most of the relationship building over time occurs in restaurants or saunas. This may happen after a first business transaction.

Unless there is a reasonable medical condition, there is no truly acceptable excuse for passing on a sauna.

There is no right way to take a sauna, even among the Finns. There will be wash rooms, hot rooms, and cold rooms. You can ask suggestions, follow along, or follow your own preferences.

Will I Have to Be Naked in a Finnish Sauna?

Expect that everyone else will be nude, as is customary. Not to worry, there are no mixed gender saunas in Finland.

You will not be judged for preferring a towel or bathing suit. Trips to the sauna can conclude or continue business—or come directly after lunch. If you feel more comfortable wearing a bathing suit, you may want to have one on-hand.

Planet Depos is an international court reporting agency. Request access to the Planet Depos International Deposition Guide to learn more about preparing for a deposition in Finland.

Cross-cultural manners between the United States and the United Kingdom are fairly straightforward. However, there are differences that pop up when traveling across the pond that can impact business. Here are some tips on minding business etiquette in the UK.

Cross-Cultural Differences: The United States vs. The United Kingdom

Language and its entailed cultural carriers and our overlapping history make for a lot of surface similarities between Americans and Brits. Assuming there are no cultural differences can lead to missteps that impact business and personal relationships. Without understanding the differences in social expectations, Americans can come across as rude and unpleasant.

British Cultural Values:

Punctuality

Lateness is considered highly impolite in a very time – conscious British society. Even the trains run on time — in the worst of winter weather. So should you. While the Brits may seem like they are perpetually hurried, they actually consider time a highly valuable resource and are economical with it. For social events, this is less the case. But, in business, you should arrive a few minutes early.

Travel Tip for London: Getting around in London can be tricky. The traffic and streets are famously congested. Consider having a hotel nearby appointment centers. Using the subway, or tube, is more efficient when trying to get around town.

Courtesy

The United Kingdom is not warm and fuzzy, particularly in the Metropolitan areas like London. They are, however, very courteous. Do not cut in line, shove, or execute bodily functions. Frequent use of “sorry”, “thank you”, “pardon”, and “please” are standard. Being overly friendly can seem intrusive. However, being abrasive is uncouth. Avoid hard pitches, being pushy, and confrontation.

Inside Voices

The British find loud voices, shouting, and big gestures intrusive and rude.

Formality

Compared to the Americans, the British can feel stuffy or overly formal. Mind titles and formal addresses unless given explicit permission to do otherwise. Business and social structures are more hierarchical than in the United States. They are also very respectful of space, so avoid patting people on the back or personal touch.

Conservative Appearances, Liberal Views

When in doubt, be understated. The British epitomize understated. They also take pride in a considerate, educated demeanor.

People dress and behave on the conservative side, wearing traditional business attire in dark and neutral colors. However, mind your conversation. The United Kingdom has high taxes and expects a great deal of social justice and governance as a result. Avoid sensitive topics, like politics, GMOs, environmentalism (waste management is a hot button and recycling is high), Brexit, et cetera.

You may be encouraged to respond to questions about American political views. Politely change topics with a smile.

Business Etiquette in the United Kingdom

Business Attire

The British appreciate traditional business attire and clean, well-groomed presentation. Be neat, clean and well put together. While some industries are modernizing to allow more casual dress, the safer bet is professional. This is especially true within the legal profession, which is particularly formal and traditional.

Cold Calls and Networking

The United Kingdom, unlike Asia, will be responsive to self-introductions using a variety of methods. You can cold-call, email, or contact people through social media platforms. Introducing yourself at networking or meetup events is perfectly acceptable. While a personal introduction is always helpful, not having one will not stop business.

Business Meetings

Courtesy can mean that confrontation is avoided, leading to indirect or evasive responses or ironic speech. Decisions are made from the top-down, so expect that meetings may not result in an immediate response. They may be more productive towards later decisions.

Business lunches and dinners are common practice, especially in metropolitan centers like London.

Greetings and Personal Space

In business, practice formal language. No slang. No acronyms and reliance on popular culture. Maintaining good posture also makes a good impression.

Handshakes and a little small talk will start most meetings. Unlike Asia, which prefers a softer handshake if any, a firm handshake and smile are ideal. This is the most touching the English consider polite in business (and often in personal relationships). They do not hug or kiss in greetings.

Large hand gestures and overly expressive body language will seem coarse and unfit.

British Gestures: Beware of Accidental Insults

While may cultural similarities exist, there are a few British gestures to be mindful of.

Two fingers can be vulgar in several ways.
First, imagine a peace sign, but put the index finger and middle finger together. Sticking these two fingers up is the equivalent of flipping someone off in America. These fingers are bow fingers, which were cut off English archers in previous wars.

Second, keeping that peace-sign V and turning it upside down is another obscenity. Avoid it.

Tapping the side of your head can indicate someone has smarts in the United States. Unfortunately, it means someone is stupid in the UK.

Gifts, Drinks, and Social Etiquette in the UK

Like the United States, gift giving is not a central part of business in the United Kingdom. There are standard courtesies that should be obeyed nonetheless.

If sending a thank you gift, a small gesture is acceptable. They follow the same guidelines as the United States.

Like in the US, inviting colleagues or business counterparts to lunch, dinner, or an event is appreciated. It is not required. If you invite someone out, you should expect to pick up the tab. It’s a courteous gesture.

Having drinks after work is commonplace and part of standard business practices. It’s called “pub culture” in the United Kingdom. It’s not too forward to invite colleagues and counterparts for drinks after work. Buying a round will curry favor.

Tips for Getting Around in the UK and London

Floor Numbering

Floors are numbered differently in much of the world than in the United States. The United Kingdom is no exception. If someone is on the ground floor, that is floor zero. (In the United States, this would be the first floor.) The above floors begin at the first floor. For example, the 3^rd floor in Britain would be the 4^th floor in the United States.

What is a flat?

A flat in England is an apartment. It usually refers to the whole floor, but sometimes is used simply to refer to any apartment.

What is a Lift?

If someone tells you to take a lift, they mean the elevator — not the car share service. (Car share services are more available in England than in previous years.)

What is the Tube?

The tube, or Underground, is the English subway and metro system. As noted previously, traffic in London can be impossible. The tube is a more effective way to travel.

Driving on the “Wrong Side” of the Road.

British drivers are on the right-hand side of the vehicle, driving on the left-hand side of the road.

Over its history, Taiwan has had strong ties with both Japan and mainland China. This connection is seen in many Taiwanese business customs and manners, but Taiwan also has its own unique etiquette. From body language to dining manners, learn the proper rules to avoid embarrassing missteps.

At Planet Depos, an international court reporting agency, we cover depositions and arbitrations in Taiwan, including Taipei. Our team can connect you with someone to help with translation and cultural insights when visiting Taipei and other cities in Taiwan.

Taiwanese Business Attire

The Taiwanese place an emphasis on dressing neatly and conservatively. Men tend to wear suits. Women wear conservative business attire, such as a loose skirt and blouse.

Making a good first impression is vital. Avoid wearing t-shirts, jeans, and other casual attire to first meetings. Even if you are attending a casual activity, dress modestly. Your clothing should be neat, clean, and unwrinkled.

Be Mindful of Your Body Language and Etiquette

• Do not touch anyone on the shoulders or the top of the head, even a child.
• Pointing with your index finger is impolite. Instead, point with an open hand.
• Nervous movements, such as tapping your foot, are considered rude.
• Winking is considered inappropriate in any situation.
• In Taiwanese culture, feet are considered dirty. Do not use your feet to point or move an object.
• When sitting, place your hands in your lap.
• If you are a man, do not sit with your legs crossed. Instead, place both feet flat on the floor.
• Showing affection for someone of the opposite sex is inappropriate in public.
• Accept food and other objects with both hands to indicate respect.
• Be humble if you receive a compliment.
• Since family is central in Taiwanese culture, it is polite to inquire about someone’s family.
• Always act in accordance with saving and giving face. To learn more about saving and giving face, read our article on Korean business etiquette.

Introductions When Visiting Taipei

Introductions are vital for making a good first impression and are also very important in Taiwanese culture. Nodding your head or giving a slight bow is considered polite at a first meeting. Have a third person introduce you, rather than introducing yourself. At a business meeting, you can count on the host to introduce you.

• If you are in a group, assemble in order of rank. Let the most important or most senior person be introduced first.
• Greet the person in the most senior position first.
• Taiwanese people often greet foreigners with a handshake. However, a polite handshake in Taiwan is not as firm as in many other countries. Also, men should wait for women to initiate a handshake.
• When greeting someone, many Taiwanese look at the ground to show respect. You do not need to follow their example. They understand that westerners tend to smile warmly during introductions.
• Most greetings include the question, “Have you eaten?” as a polite inquiry.
• Once the initial introductions are completed, business cards are exchanged.

Taiwanese Names

• In Taiwan, one’s surname comes before their given name.
• Titles are vital in Taiwanese culture. If a person has an academic, corporate or government title, address them by that title, followed by their surname. Address people without a title by Mr., Mrs., or Miss followed by their surname, unless you are invited to use their first name.
• Younger Taiwanese business people might introduce themselves with an English name. Usually, this nickname is a direct translation of their Taiwanese name or a name that sounds similar to their Taiwanese name.
• Many Taiwanese women keep their maiden name when married. However, children tend to take their father’s surname.
• Many Taiwanese names have a significant meaning. It is polite to inquire about the meaning of someone’s name.

Business Card Rituals in Taiwan

The ritual of giving and receiving business cards after initial introductions has specific steps that you need to follow to be polite.

1. Give your card to the recipient using both hands. Make sure to face the Mandarin side toward the recipient.
2. Receive business cards with two hands and take time to examine them.
3. Place the card on the table next to you or in a business card case.

• When you make your business cards, have one side of the card in English and the other side translated into traditional Mandarin, using the traditional script.
• Respecting a business card shows that you respect the relationship you have with that person. Do not write on, fold, or misplace the cards you are given.

Communication in Taiwan

The Taiwanese value the effect their words have on others. They take great care to avoid saying anything that would hurt a colleague or case them to “lose face.” If they disagree with an idea, they may remain silent.

An in-depth, well-crafted message is vital in Taiwanese culture and business practices. This message may take time to say and is accompanied with gestures and facial expressions.

Unlike countries like the United States and Germany, brevity is not valued. Instead, brevity may be perceived as rude, especially if you provide a lack of context. Since these cultures do not use many hand gestures, the message may be difficult for your Taiwanese counterparts to understand. Be patient and prepared for questions.

Business Meetings

Unlike many other Asian countries, meeting schedules are not highly structured. Although there may be an agenda, it is generally used as a loose guideline. Since relationships are highly valued, some of the meeting might be devoted to discussing families and other non-business topics. Since the Taiwanese care about completing a satisfactory meeting, meetings may go over the scheduled end time.

Gift Giving Etiquette in Taiwan

Like in most countries where you travel for business, it is appreciated if you bring a small gift for the people you are working with in Taiwan. Food, a bottle of high-quality alcohol, or something with your company logo on it are all acceptable gifts. Here are some things to consider when giving gifts in Taiwan:

• Give gifts to the recipient with both hands to be respectful.
• When a gift is offered, it might be initially declined. If this happens, politely offer the gift again. But, don’t force the person to take the gift.
• Gift wrapping is just as important as the gift itself. Take great care when wrapping the gift. Do not wrap gifts in black, blue, or white paper.
• Do not give an expensive gift unless it is to reciprocate an expensive gift you received.
• Do not give knives, scissors, or other sharp objects because they can be viewed as wanting to server the relationship with the recipient.
• Odd numbers and the number four are considered unlucky. So, do not give gifts in these numbers.
• Do not give white flowers, chrysanthemums, clocks, handkerchiefs, or straw sandals because all these items are associated with death and funerals.
• Do not give anything that is made in Taiwan; it could be considered a slight.
• It is rude to open gifts when they are received.

Visiting a Taiwanese Person’s Home

Usually, Taiwanese entertain in public places rather than at home. Being invited to someone’s home is a great honor. Here are some tips on how to behave politely in a Taiwanese person’s home:

• Bring a small gift to communicate your gratitude.
• Take off your shoes before entering the house. Wear slippers if the host offers you a pair.
• Offer a compliment towards something in the host’s home to be polite and “give face.”
• Always address the people in the house with respect, especially the eldest member of the household.

Dining Manners

• The oldest person will begin their meal first. The youngest person should not start their meal until everyone older than them has begun eating.
• Your host may choose food for you and place it on your plate without your request.
• Place your rice bowl close to your face while eating. Leave plates on the table.
• When the meal is complete, place you soup spoon on the table, rather than on your plate or bowl.
• Place chopsticks on the table or across the top of a bowl. Never stick your chopsticks vertically into a bowl.

Learn more about visiting Taipei and the rest of Taiwan. Check out our tips for traveling to Taiwan and depositions in Taiwan.